图解SQL的Join 对于SQL的Join,在学习起来可能是比较乱的。我们知道,SQL的Join语法有很多inner的,有outer的,有left的,有时候,对于Select出来的结果集是什么样子有点不是很清楚。Coding Horror上有一篇文章(实在不清楚为什么Coding Horror也被墙)通过
图解SQL的Join
对于SQL的Join,在学习起来可能是比较乱的。我们知道,SQL的Join语法有很多inner的,有outer的,有left的,有时候,对于Select出来的结果集是什么样子有点不是很清楚。Coding Horror上有一篇文章(实在不清楚为什么Coding Horror也被墙)通过 文氏图 Venn diagrams 解释了SQL的Join。我觉得清楚易懂,转过来。
假设我们有两张表。
- Table A 是左边的表。
- Table B 是右边的表。
其各有四条记录,其中有两条记录是相同的,如下所示:
id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 1 Rutabaga 2 Monkey 2 Pirate 3 Ninja 3 Darth Vader 4 Spaghetti 4 Ninja
下面让我们来看看不同的Join会产生什么样的结果。
Inner Join
Inner join 产生的结果集中,是A和B的交集。
<span>SELECT</span> <span>*</span> <span>FROM</span> TableA <span>INNER</span> <span>JOIN</span> TableB <span>ON</span> TableA<span>.</span>name <span>=</span> TableB<span>.</span>name
INNER JOIN结果:
id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 2 Pirate 3 Ninja 4 Ninja
Full outer join
Full outer join 产生A和B的并集。但是需要注意的是,对于没有匹配的记录,则会以null做为值。
SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name
Full outer join 的结果
id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 2 Pirate 2 Monkey null null 3 Ninja 4 Ninja 4 Spaghetti null null null null 1 Rutabaga null null 3 Darth Vader
Left outer join
Left outer join 产生表A的完全集,而B表中匹配的则有值,没有匹配的则以null值取代。
<span>SELECT</span> <span>*</span> <span>FROM</span> TableA <span>LEFT</span> <span>OUTER</span> <span>JOIN</span> TableB <span>ON</span> TableA<span>.</span>name <span>=</span> TableB<span>.</span>name
id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 1 Pirate 2 Pirate 2 Monkey null null 3 Ninja 4 Ninja 4 Spaghetti null null
LEFT Join 应用:产生在A表中有而在B表中没有的集合。
<span>SELECT</span> <span>*</span> <span>FROM</span> TableA <span>LEFT</span> <span>OUTER</span> <span>JOIN</span> TableB <span>ON</span> TableA<span>.</span>name <span>=</span> TableB<span>.</span>name WHERE TableB.id IS NULL
id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 2 Monkey null null 4 Spaghetti null null
LEFT Join 应用:产生A表和B表都没有出现的数据集。
<span>SELECT</span> <span>*</span> <span>FROM</span> TableA <span>FULL</span> <span>OUTER</span> <span>JOIN</span> TableB <span>ON</span> TableA<span>.</span>name <span>=</span> TableB<span>.</span>name <span>WHERE</span> TableA<span>.</span>id <span>IS</span> <span>NULL</span> <span>OR</span> TableB<span>.</span>id <span>IS</span> <span>NULL</span>
id name id name -- ---- -- ---- 2 Monkey null null 4 Spaghetti null null null null 1 Rutabaga null null 3 Darth Vader
Cross Join
还需要注册的是我们还有一个是“交差集” cross join, 这种Join没有办法用文式图表示,因为其就是把表A和表B的数据进行一个N*M的组合,即笛卡尔积。表达式如下:
<span>SELECT</span> <span>*</span> <span>FROM</span> TableA <span>CROSS</span> <span>JOIN</span> TableB
这个笛卡尔乘积会产生 4 x 4 = 16 条记录,一般来说,我们很少用到这个语法。但是我们得小心,如果不是使用嵌套的select语句,一般系统都会产生笛卡尔乘积然再做过滤。这是对于性能来说是非常危险的,尤其是表很大的时候。

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA

The main role of MySQL in web applications is to store and manage data. 1.MySQL efficiently processes user information, product catalogs, transaction records and other data. 2. Through SQL query, developers can extract information from the database to generate dynamic content. 3.MySQL works based on the client-server model to ensure acceptable query speed.

The steps to build a MySQL database include: 1. Create a database and table, 2. Insert data, and 3. Conduct queries. First, use the CREATEDATABASE and CREATETABLE statements to create the database and table, then use the INSERTINTO statement to insert the data, and finally use the SELECT statement to query the data.

MySQL is suitable for beginners because it is easy to use and powerful. 1.MySQL is a relational database, and uses SQL for CRUD operations. 2. It is simple to install and requires the root user password to be configured. 3. Use INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and SELECT to perform data operations. 4. ORDERBY, WHERE and JOIN can be used for complex queries. 5. Debugging requires checking the syntax and use EXPLAIN to analyze the query. 6. Optimization suggestions include using indexes, choosing the right data type and good programming habits.


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