本文主要介绍常见的数据存储方案及相应选型的评估标准的介绍。 Guideline:针对不同应用场景,针对性选择存储方式。 1. 数据存储方案 SQL: MySQL 5.5/5.6/MariaDB(对于Dev绝大多数场景下透明);Oracle|MS SQL暂不考虑; NoSQL: Memcached 1.4.21;Redis 2.
<span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif;">本文主要介绍常见的数据存储方案及相应选型的评估标准的介绍。</span>
Guideline:针对不同应用场景,针对性选择存储方式。
1. 数据存储方案
SQL:MySQL 5.5/5.6/MariaDB(对于Dev绝大多数场景下透明); Oracle|MS SQL暂不考虑;NoSQL:
Memcached 1.4.21; Redis 2.8; MongoDB 2.6.6; Hbase 0.96/0.98;
2. 评估标准
RDBMS:(MySQL):要求数据持久化存储;用户提交数据就不能丢失;
要求事务保证;
应用复杂,数据结构复杂,数据一致性要求高;
分布式实现时复杂度高,分库分表代价较大。
适合需要严格事务保证的OLTP类系统和MIS类系统;
典型场景:
以电商网站为例, 所有后端子系统(比如ERP,物流,财务,仓储,人事,VIS等); 网站核心数据存储(比如用户,商品,库存,购物车,订单);
KV(Memcache/Redis):
数据结构简单;只是按照简单的Key来查询和update记录;数据不需要持久化存储(persistent on disk), 是secondary data;一般不是用户直接写入;(比如由后端job生成,可以由应用实现双写)
不需要transaction事务支持;
可能有很高的QPS/TPS(for example, 10k+ query/transaction per second);
有非常高的响应速度要求(典型场景:
各类计数器; 各类cache层(商品列表页,各类配置信息,商品描述信息等);
Analytics Platform:
Hadoop:ETL;科学分析; GP:BI分析;各类报表; Hbase:在线系统;OLAP分析; DocDB:应用相对简单,数据结构相对复杂,支持快速开发,非事务类处理的信息处理系统。如知识问答、社区等;
3. 性能优化
已有系统碰到性能瓶颈时,优化次序依次为:
容量评估性能优化(系统优化,代码逻辑优化,SQL优化)
硬件升级(从低端硬件到高端硬件,从低端存储到高端存储)
垂直拆分(按照不同的模块拆分数据库)
水平拆分(对某个模块,在系统里面再也跑不动,就需要对该模块按照主键或者其他逻辑拆分)

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The working principle of MySQL query cache is to store the results of SELECT query, and when the same query is executed again, the cached results are directly returned. 1) Query cache improves database reading performance and finds cached results through hash values. 2) Simple configuration, set query_cache_type and query_cache_size in MySQL configuration file. 3) Use the SQL_NO_CACHE keyword to disable the cache of specific queries. 4) In high-frequency update environments, query cache may cause performance bottlenecks and needs to be optimized for use through monitoring and adjustment of parameters.

The reasons why MySQL is widely used in various projects include: 1. High performance and scalability, supporting multiple storage engines; 2. Easy to use and maintain, simple configuration and rich tools; 3. Rich ecosystem, attracting a large number of community and third-party tool support; 4. Cross-platform support, suitable for multiple operating systems.

The steps for upgrading MySQL database include: 1. Backup the database, 2. Stop the current MySQL service, 3. Install the new version of MySQL, 4. Start the new version of MySQL service, 5. Recover the database. Compatibility issues are required during the upgrade process, and advanced tools such as PerconaToolkit can be used for testing and optimization.

MySQL backup policies include logical backup, physical backup, incremental backup, replication-based backup, and cloud backup. 1. Logical backup uses mysqldump to export database structure and data, which is suitable for small databases and version migrations. 2. Physical backups are fast and comprehensive by copying data files, but require database consistency. 3. Incremental backup uses binary logging to record changes, which is suitable for large databases. 4. Replication-based backup reduces the impact on the production system by backing up from the server. 5. Cloud backups such as AmazonRDS provide automation solutions, but costs and control need to be considered. When selecting a policy, database size, downtime tolerance, recovery time, and recovery point goals should be considered.

MySQLclusteringenhancesdatabaserobustnessandscalabilitybydistributingdataacrossmultiplenodes.ItusestheNDBenginefordatareplicationandfaulttolerance,ensuringhighavailability.Setupinvolvesconfiguringmanagement,data,andSQLnodes,withcarefulmonitoringandpe

Optimizing database schema design in MySQL can improve performance through the following steps: 1. Index optimization: Create indexes on common query columns, balancing the overhead of query and inserting updates. 2. Table structure optimization: Reduce data redundancy through normalization or anti-normalization and improve access efficiency. 3. Data type selection: Use appropriate data types, such as INT instead of VARCHAR, to reduce storage space. 4. Partitioning and sub-table: For large data volumes, use partitioning and sub-table to disperse data to improve query and maintenance efficiency.

TooptimizeMySQLperformance,followthesesteps:1)Implementproperindexingtospeedupqueries,2)UseEXPLAINtoanalyzeandoptimizequeryperformance,3)Adjustserverconfigurationsettingslikeinnodb_buffer_pool_sizeandmax_connections,4)Usepartitioningforlargetablestoi


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