三级模式结构:外模式、模式和内模式 一、模式(Schema) 定义:也称逻辑模式,是数据库中全体数据的逻辑结构和特征的描述,是所有用户的公共数据视图。 理解: ① 一个数据库只有一个模式; ② 是数据库数据在逻辑级上的视图; ③ 数据库模式以某一种数据模型为
三级模式结构:外模式、模式和内模式
一、模式(Schema)
定义:也称逻辑模式,是数据库中全体数据的逻辑结构和特征的描述,是所有用户的公共数据视图。
理解:
① 一个数据库只有一个模式;
② 是数据库数据在逻辑级上的视图;
③ 数据库模式以某一种数据模型为基础;
④ 定义模式时不仅要定义数据的逻辑结构(如数据记录由哪些数据项构成,数据项的名字、类型、取值范围等),而且要定义与数据有关的安全性、完整性要求,定义这些数据之间的联系。
二、外模式(External Schema)
定义:也称子模式(Subschema)或用户模式,是数据库用户(包括应用程序员和最终用户)能够看见和使用的局部数据的逻辑结构和特征的描述,是数据库用户的数据视图,是与某一应用有关的数据的逻辑表示。
理解:
① 一个数据库可以有多个外模式;
② 外模式就是用户视图;
③ 外模式是保证数据安全性的一个有力措施。
三、内模式(Internal Schema)
定义:也称存储模式(Storage Schema),它是数据物理结构和存储方式的描述,是数据在数据库内部的表示方式(例如,记录的存储方式是顺序存储、按照B树结构存储还是按hash方法存储;索引按照什么方式组织;数据是否压缩存储,是否加密;数据的存储记录结构有何规定)。
理解:
① 一个数据库只有一个内模式;
② 一个表可能由多个文件组成,如:数据文件、索引文件。
它是数据库管理系统(DBMS)对数据库中数据进行有效组织和管理的方法
其目的有:
① 为了减少数据冗余,实现数据共享;
② 为了提高存取效率,改善性能。
1.概念模式(Conceptual Schema)
概念模式是数据库系统中全局数据逻辑结构的描述,是全体用户(应用)公共数据视图,此种描述是一种抽象的描述,它不涉及具体的硬件环境与平台,也与具体的软件环境无关。
概念模式主要描述数据的概念记录类型及数据以及它们间的关系,它还包括一些数据间的语义约束,对它的描述可用DBMS中的DDL语言定义。
2.外模式(External Schema)
外模式也称子模式(Subschema)或称用户模式(User’s schema)它是用户的数据视图,亦即是用户所见到的模式的一个部分,它由概念模式推导而出,概念模式给出了系统全局的数据描述而外模式则给出每个用户的局部描述。一个概念模式可以有若干个外模式,每个用户只关心与它有关的模式,这样可以屏蔽大量无关信息且有利于数据保护,因此对用户极为有利。在一般的DBMS中都提供有相关的外模式描述语言(外模式DDL)。
3.内模式(Internal Schema)
内模式又称物理模式(Physical Schema),它给出了数据库物理存储结构与物理存取方法,如数据存储的文件结构、索引、集簇及hash等存取方式与存取路径,内模式的物理性主要体现在操作系统及文件级上,它还不深入到设备级上(如磁盘及磁盘操作),但近年来有向设备级发展的趋势(如原始磁盘、磁盘分块技术等),DBMS一般提供相关的内模式描述语言(内模式DDL)。
数据模式给出了数据库的数据框架结构,而数据库中的数据才是真正的实体,但这些数据必须按框架所描述的结构组织,以概念模式为框架所组成的数据库叫概念数据库(Conceptual Database),以外模式为框架所组成的数据库叫用户数据库(user’s Database),以内模式为框架所组成的数据库叫物理数据库(Physical Database),这三种数据库中只有物理数据库是真实存在于计算机外存中,其它两种数据库并不真正存在于计算机中,而是通过两种映射由物理数据库映射而成。
模式的三个级别层次反映了模式的三个不同环境以及它们的不同要求,其中内模式处于最低层,它反映了数据在计算机物理结构中的实际存储形式,概念模式处于中层,它反映了设计者的数据全局逻辑要求,而外模式处于最外层,它反映了用户对数据的要求。
数据库系统的三级模式是对数据的三个级别抽象,它把数据的具体物理实现留给物理模式,使用户与全局设计者能不必关心数据库的具体实现与物理背景,同时,它通过两级映射建立三级模式间的联系与转换,使得概念模式与外模式虽然并不具物理存在,但是也能通过映射而获得其存在的实体,同时两级映射也保证了数据库系统中数据的独立性,亦即数据的物理组织改变与逻辑概念级改变,并不影响用户外模式的改变,它只要调整映射方式而不必改变用户模式。
1.概念模式到内模式的映射
该映射给出了概念模式中数据的全局逻辑结构到数据的物理存储结构间的对应关系,此种映射一般由DBMS实现。
2.外模式到概念模式的映射
概念模式是一个全局模式而外模式则是用户的局部模式,一个概念模式中可以定义多个外模式,而每个外模式是概念模式的一个基本视图。外模式到概念模式的映射给出了 外模式与概念模式的对应关系,这种映射一般由DBMS实现。
需要注意的是:(1)要保证数据库逻辑数据独立性,需要修改的是 :模式与外模式的映射。
(2)要保证数据库逻辑数据独立性,需要修改的是:.模式与内模式的映射。
(3)在数据库的三个模式中:模式和内模式只有一个,而外模式可以有多个。

InnoDBBufferPool reduces disk I/O by caching data and indexing pages, improving database performance. Its working principle includes: 1. Data reading: Read data from BufferPool; 2. Data writing: After modifying the data, write to BufferPool and refresh it to disk regularly; 3. Cache management: Use the LRU algorithm to manage cache pages; 4. Reading mechanism: Load adjacent data pages in advance. By sizing the BufferPool and using multiple instances, database performance can be optimized.

Compared with other programming languages, MySQL is mainly used to store and manage data, while other languages such as Python, Java, and C are used for logical processing and application development. MySQL is known for its high performance, scalability and cross-platform support, suitable for data management needs, while other languages have advantages in their respective fields such as data analytics, enterprise applications, and system programming.

MySQL is worth learning because it is a powerful open source database management system suitable for data storage, management and analysis. 1) MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to operate data and is suitable for structured data management. 2) The SQL language is the key to interacting with MySQL and supports CRUD operations. 3) The working principle of MySQL includes client/server architecture, storage engine and query optimizer. 4) Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, and advanced usage involves joining tables using JOIN. 5) Common errors include syntax errors and permission issues, and debugging skills include checking syntax and using EXPLAIN commands. 6) Performance optimization involves the use of indexes, optimization of SQL statements and regular maintenance of databases.

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows
This project is in the process of being migrated to osdn.net/projects/mingw, you can continue to follow us there. MinGW: A native Windows port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), freely distributable import libraries and header files for building native Windows applications; includes extensions to the MSVC runtime to support C99 functionality. All MinGW software can run on 64-bit Windows platforms.

WebStorm Mac version
Useful JavaScript development tools

mPDF
mPDF is a PHP library that can generate PDF files from UTF-8 encoded HTML. The original author, Ian Back, wrote mPDF to output PDF files "on the fly" from his website and handle different languages. It is slower than original scripts like HTML2FPDF and produces larger files when using Unicode fonts, but supports CSS styles etc. and has a lot of enhancements. Supports almost all languages, including RTL (Arabic and Hebrew) and CJK (Chinese, Japanese and Korean). Supports nested block-level elements (such as P, DIV),

DVWA
Damn Vulnerable Web App (DVWA) is a PHP/MySQL web application that is very vulnerable. Its main goals are to be an aid for security professionals to test their skills and tools in a legal environment, to help web developers better understand the process of securing web applications, and to help teachers/students teach/learn in a classroom environment Web application security. The goal of DVWA is to practice some of the most common web vulnerabilities through a simple and straightforward interface, with varying degrees of difficulty. Please note that this software

SecLists
SecLists is the ultimate security tester's companion. It is a collection of various types of lists that are frequently used during security assessments, all in one place. SecLists helps make security testing more efficient and productive by conveniently providing all the lists a security tester might need. List types include usernames, passwords, URLs, fuzzing payloads, sensitive data patterns, web shells, and more. The tester can simply pull this repository onto a new test machine and he will have access to every type of list he needs.