1、常用的查询条件: (1)比较 =,,,=,=,!=(不等于),(不等于),!(不大于),!;not上述比较运算符 (2)确定范围 between and , not between and (3)确定集合 in , not in (4)字符匹配 like , not like (5)空 is null , is not null (6)多重条件(
1、常用的查询条件:(1)比较 =,>,=,(不等于),!>(不大于),! (2)确定范围 between and , not between and
(3)确定集合 in , not in
(4)字符匹配 like , not like
(5)空值 is null , is not null
(6)多重条件(逻辑运算)and , or , not
2、聚集函数
count([distinct | all] * ) /*统计元组个数*/
count([distinct | all] ) /*统计一列中值的个数*/
sum([distinct | all] ) /*计算一列值的总和(此列必须是数值型)*/
avg([distinct | all] ) /*计算一列值得平均值(此列必须是数值型)*/
Max([distinct | all] ) /*求一列中的最大值*/
min([distinct | all] ) /*求一列中的最小值*/
如果指定distinct短语,则表示在计算时要取消指定列中的重复值
如果指定all短语,则表示不取消重复值。all为缺省值
3、连接查询
(1)等值与非等值连接查询
格式为:[.][.]
其中 比较运算符主要有:=、>、=、)等
此外链接谓词还可以使用下面形式:
[.][.] and [.]
当链接运算符为=时,称为等值连接,使用其他运算符称为非等值连接
(2)自身连接
(3)外连接:把舍弃的元组也保存在结果关系中,而在其他属性上填空值(null),那么这种连接叫做外连接
(4)复合条件连接:where子句中有多个连接条件,称为符合连接
连接操作除了可以使两表连接,一个表与其自身连接外,还可以是两个以上的表进行连接,后者通常称为多表连接。
4、嵌套查询:一个子查询还可以嵌套其他子查询
注意:子查询的select 语句中不能使用order by 子句,group by 子句不能对最终查询结果排序
(1)带有IN谓词的子查询
(2)带有运算符的子查询
(3)带有any(some)或all的子查询
(4)带有exists的子查询

Stored procedures are precompiled SQL statements in MySQL for improving performance and simplifying complex operations. 1. Improve performance: After the first compilation, subsequent calls do not need to be recompiled. 2. Improve security: Restrict data table access through permission control. 3. Simplify complex operations: combine multiple SQL statements to simplify application layer logic.

The working principle of MySQL query cache is to store the results of SELECT query, and when the same query is executed again, the cached results are directly returned. 1) Query cache improves database reading performance and finds cached results through hash values. 2) Simple configuration, set query_cache_type and query_cache_size in MySQL configuration file. 3) Use the SQL_NO_CACHE keyword to disable the cache of specific queries. 4) In high-frequency update environments, query cache may cause performance bottlenecks and needs to be optimized for use through monitoring and adjustment of parameters.

The reasons why MySQL is widely used in various projects include: 1. High performance and scalability, supporting multiple storage engines; 2. Easy to use and maintain, simple configuration and rich tools; 3. Rich ecosystem, attracting a large number of community and third-party tool support; 4. Cross-platform support, suitable for multiple operating systems.

The steps for upgrading MySQL database include: 1. Backup the database, 2. Stop the current MySQL service, 3. Install the new version of MySQL, 4. Start the new version of MySQL service, 5. Recover the database. Compatibility issues are required during the upgrade process, and advanced tools such as PerconaToolkit can be used for testing and optimization.

MySQL backup policies include logical backup, physical backup, incremental backup, replication-based backup, and cloud backup. 1. Logical backup uses mysqldump to export database structure and data, which is suitable for small databases and version migrations. 2. Physical backups are fast and comprehensive by copying data files, but require database consistency. 3. Incremental backup uses binary logging to record changes, which is suitable for large databases. 4. Replication-based backup reduces the impact on the production system by backing up from the server. 5. Cloud backups such as AmazonRDS provide automation solutions, but costs and control need to be considered. When selecting a policy, database size, downtime tolerance, recovery time, and recovery point goals should be considered.

MySQLclusteringenhancesdatabaserobustnessandscalabilitybydistributingdataacrossmultiplenodes.ItusestheNDBenginefordatareplicationandfaulttolerance,ensuringhighavailability.Setupinvolvesconfiguringmanagement,data,andSQLnodes,withcarefulmonitoringandpe

Optimizing database schema design in MySQL can improve performance through the following steps: 1. Index optimization: Create indexes on common query columns, balancing the overhead of query and inserting updates. 2. Table structure optimization: Reduce data redundancy through normalization or anti-normalization and improve access efficiency. 3. Data type selection: Use appropriate data types, such as INT instead of VARCHAR, to reduce storage space. 4. Partitioning and sub-table: For large data volumes, use partitioning and sub-table to disperse data to improve query and maintenance efficiency.

TooptimizeMySQLperformance,followthesesteps:1)Implementproperindexingtospeedupqueries,2)UseEXPLAINtoanalyzeandoptimizequeryperformance,3)Adjustserverconfigurationsettingslikeinnodb_buffer_pool_sizeandmax_connections,4)Usepartitioningforlargetablestoi


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

SecLists
SecLists is the ultimate security tester's companion. It is a collection of various types of lists that are frequently used during security assessments, all in one place. SecLists helps make security testing more efficient and productive by conveniently providing all the lists a security tester might need. List types include usernames, passwords, URLs, fuzzing payloads, sensitive data patterns, web shells, and more. The tester can simply pull this repository onto a new test machine and he will have access to every type of list he needs.

Dreamweaver CS6
Visual web development tools

Atom editor mac version download
The most popular open source editor

SublimeText3 Mac version
God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)
