一、Hibernate之1-N关联映射 1. 哪边是 1 , 哪边是多 ? 需要从业务的角度来说明。例如,Employee 和 Department 之间就是 n-1 的关联关系,Order 和 Customer 之间也是 n-1 的关联关系。 1). 关联关系是有方向的: 2). 如何在类中来建立关联关系呢 ? 解:
一、Hibernate之1-N关联映射1. 哪边是 1 , 哪边是多 ?
需要从业务的角度来说明。例如,Employee 和 Department 之间就是 n-1 的关联关系,Order 和 Customer 之间也是 n-1 的关联关系。
1). 关联关系是有方向的:

2. 单向 n-1 关联关系
1). 域对象中,在 Order 中声明一个 Customer 类型的成员变量,并提供 setter、getter
public class Order {
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3). 如何进行映射:通过 many-to-one 来映射
①. 注意:需要映射在 ORDERS 数据表中的外键列!
class="Customer">
4). API 操作时
①. save 时,若先保存 Order, 在保存 Customer,则会多出 UPDATE 语句;若先保存 Customer,再保存 Order,则只有 INSERT. 建议先保存 1 的一端的对象
②. get 时,
◆默认情况下,关联对象采取 懒加载 策略。即在获取 Order 时,若不使用关联的 Customer 的属性, 则不加载 Customer 对象
◆有懒加载就可能会发生懒加载异常:org.hibernate.LazyInitializationException。 ◇什么时候出现懒加载异常? 获取一个对象,没有初始化其关联的属性,若在 Session 已经关闭的情况下,访问关联的属性,就会抛出懒 加载异常。
③. update 时,
◆若对象本身是一个持久化对象,则在 flush Session 时,会级联更新其关联的对象的属性。
◆若对象是游离对象,则不会更新关联对象的属性。但可以通过设置 cascade 属性来使其能够进行更新
④. delete 时,
◆删除对象,只需要 ID 属性
◆防止发生外键约束异常
3. 单向 1-n 关联关系
1). 域对象:增加集合属性
public class Customer {
private Integer customerId;
private String customerName;
//访问 n 的一端的集合属性
private Set
//....
}
注意:
①. 当 Session 从数据库中加载 Java 集合时, 创建的是 Hibernate 内置集合类的实例,
因此在持久化类中定义集合属性时必须把属性声明为 Java 接口类型
②. 在定义集合属性时, 通常把它初始化为集合实现类的一个实例.
避免应用程序访问取值为 null 的集合的方法抛出 NullPointerException
2).关系数据模型

3). 如何进行映射,在Customer.hbm.xml中通过 set 元素
4). API 具体操作:
①. save 时:因为由 1 的一端来维护关联关系,所以一定会多出 UPDATE 语句! 最好不是有 1 的一端来维护关联关系
②. update 时:
◆若把集合对象 clear,默认情况下是把多的一端的外键置空
③. delete 时:可以删除 1 的一端,但是把多的一端的外键置空
5). set 的 order-by 属性:可以指定在查询集合时,按集合元素对应的数据表的列进行排序!
----------------------------------------------------双向关联映射-----------------------------------------------------
4. 双向 1-n 关联关系
1). 如何进行映射(下面是Customer表,注意两者之间的对应关系)

2). set 元素的 inverse 属性可以指定由哪一方来维护关联关系, 一般地,在双向 1-n 关联关系中,1 的一端的 set 的 inverse 都设置为 true,表示有 n 的一端来维护关联关系!
◆ 比如说在Customer表中:

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