1. 站在持久化的角度 , Hibernate 把对象分为 4 种状态 : 持久化状态 , 临时状态 , 游离状态(脱管状态) , 删除状态.Session 的特定方法能使对象从一个状态转换到另一个状态 . 2. 临时状态(Transient) : 1). 在使用代理主键的情况下 , OID 通常为 null 2
1. 站在持久化的角度 , Hibernate 把对象分为 4 种状态 : 持久化状态, 临时状态, 游离状态(脱管状态) , 删除状态.Session 的特定方法能使对象从一个状态转换到另一个状态 .2. 临时状态(Transient) : 1). 在使用代理主键的情况下 , OID 通常为 null 2). 不处于 Session 的缓存中 3). 在数据库中没有对应的记录
3. 持久化状态(也叫”托管” )( Persist)
1). OID 不为 null 2). 位于 Session 缓存中 3). 若在数据库中已经有和其对应的记录 , 持久化对象和数据库中的相关记录对应 4). Session 在 flush 缓存时 , 会根据持久化对象的属性变化 , 来同步更新数据库 5). 在同一个 Session 实例的缓存中 , 数据库表中的每条记录只对应唯一的持久化对象( Session 缓存对象的 OID 不能重复)
@Test public void testOID(){ News news2 = (News ) session.get (News.class , 1); System.out.println (news2 ); News news = new News (); news.setAuthor ("Oracle2" ); news.setContent ("Oracle DB" ); news.setDate (new Date ()); news.setTitle ("DB" ); news.setId (1 ); //抛出异常: org.hibernate.NonUniqueObjectException session.update (news ); }
4. 游离状态(也叫”脱管” ) (Detached ): 1). OID 不为 null 2). 不再处于 Session 缓存中 3). 一般情况需下 , 游离对象是由持久化对象转变过来的 , 因此在数据库中可能还存在与它对应的记录
5. 删除状态(Removed) 1). 在数据库中没有和其 OID 对应的记录 2). 不再处于 Session 缓存中 3). 一般情况下 , 应用程序不该再使用被删除的对象
6. 状态的转换图


7. get & load 的区别: 共同点: get、load 从数据表中加载一个对象 , 加载后即为持久化状态的对象 不同点: get:喎?http://www.2cto.com/kf/ware/vc/" target="_blank" class="keylink">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"http://www.2cto.com/uploadfile/2014/1107/20141107092134167.png" alt="\">

11. delete ():删除一个对象对应的记录。 1). 若只想删除指定的对象,设置 ID 即可。 2). 若数据表中没有对应的记录,则抛出异常: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException
12. Hibernate 调用原生的 JDBC API:
session.doWork(new Work() { @Override public void execute(Connection connection ) throws SQLException { //使用 JDBC 原生的 API } });

Stored procedures are precompiled SQL statements in MySQL for improving performance and simplifying complex operations. 1. Improve performance: After the first compilation, subsequent calls do not need to be recompiled. 2. Improve security: Restrict data table access through permission control. 3. Simplify complex operations: combine multiple SQL statements to simplify application layer logic.

The working principle of MySQL query cache is to store the results of SELECT query, and when the same query is executed again, the cached results are directly returned. 1) Query cache improves database reading performance and finds cached results through hash values. 2) Simple configuration, set query_cache_type and query_cache_size in MySQL configuration file. 3) Use the SQL_NO_CACHE keyword to disable the cache of specific queries. 4) In high-frequency update environments, query cache may cause performance bottlenecks and needs to be optimized for use through monitoring and adjustment of parameters.

The reasons why MySQL is widely used in various projects include: 1. High performance and scalability, supporting multiple storage engines; 2. Easy to use and maintain, simple configuration and rich tools; 3. Rich ecosystem, attracting a large number of community and third-party tool support; 4. Cross-platform support, suitable for multiple operating systems.

The steps for upgrading MySQL database include: 1. Backup the database, 2. Stop the current MySQL service, 3. Install the new version of MySQL, 4. Start the new version of MySQL service, 5. Recover the database. Compatibility issues are required during the upgrade process, and advanced tools such as PerconaToolkit can be used for testing and optimization.

MySQL backup policies include logical backup, physical backup, incremental backup, replication-based backup, and cloud backup. 1. Logical backup uses mysqldump to export database structure and data, which is suitable for small databases and version migrations. 2. Physical backups are fast and comprehensive by copying data files, but require database consistency. 3. Incremental backup uses binary logging to record changes, which is suitable for large databases. 4. Replication-based backup reduces the impact on the production system by backing up from the server. 5. Cloud backups such as AmazonRDS provide automation solutions, but costs and control need to be considered. When selecting a policy, database size, downtime tolerance, recovery time, and recovery point goals should be considered.

MySQLclusteringenhancesdatabaserobustnessandscalabilitybydistributingdataacrossmultiplenodes.ItusestheNDBenginefordatareplicationandfaulttolerance,ensuringhighavailability.Setupinvolvesconfiguringmanagement,data,andSQLnodes,withcarefulmonitoringandpe

Optimizing database schema design in MySQL can improve performance through the following steps: 1. Index optimization: Create indexes on common query columns, balancing the overhead of query and inserting updates. 2. Table structure optimization: Reduce data redundancy through normalization or anti-normalization and improve access efficiency. 3. Data type selection: Use appropriate data types, such as INT instead of VARCHAR, to reduce storage space. 4. Partitioning and sub-table: For large data volumes, use partitioning and sub-table to disperse data to improve query and maintenance efficiency.

TooptimizeMySQLperformance,followthesesteps:1)Implementproperindexingtospeedupqueries,2)UseEXPLAINtoanalyzeandoptimizequeryperformance,3)Adjustserverconfigurationsettingslikeinnodb_buffer_pool_sizeandmax_connections,4)Usepartitioningforlargetablestoi


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