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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialMySQL 备份与恢复机制的实际操作方案

本文主要讨论的是 MySQL 备份与恢复机制的实际操作方案,以及在实际操作中如何正确的对数据表进行维护,其中最为主要的2种表的类型有:MyISAM与 Innodb ,以下的文章中设计的 MySQL 版本为 5.0.22。 目前 MySQL 支持的免费备份工具有:mysqldump、mysqlhotco

本文主要讨论的是 MySQL 备份与恢复机制的实际操作方案,以及在实际操作中如何正确的对数据表进行维护,其中最为主要的2种表的类型有:MyISAM 与 Innodb ,以下的文章中设计的 MySQL 版本为 5.0.22。

目前 MySQL 支持的免费备份工具有:mysqldump、mysqlhotcopy ,还可以用 SQL 语法进行备份:BACKUP TABLE 或者 SELECT INTO OUTFILE ,又或者备份二进制日志(binlog) ,还可以是直接拷贝数据文件和相关的配置文件 。

MyISAM 表是保存成文件的形式,因此相对比较容易备份,上面提到的几种方法都可以使用。Innodb 所有的表都保存在同一个数据文件 ibdata1 中(也可能是多个文件,或者是独立的表空间文件),相对来说比较不好 MySQL备份,免费的方案可以是拷贝数据文件 、备份 binlog ,或者用 mysqldump 。

1、mysqldump

1.1 备份

mysqldump 是采用SQL级别的 MySQL备份机制,它将数据表导成 SQL 脚本文件,在不同的 MySQL 版本之间升级时相对比较合适,这也是最常用的备份方法。
现在来讲一下 mysqldump 的一些主要参数:

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span class="attribute">compatible</span><span>=</span><span class="attribute-value">name</span><span>  </span></span></li></ol>

它告诉 mysqldump,导出的数据将和哪种数据库或哪个旧版本的 MySQL 服务器相兼容。值可以为 ansi、mysql323、mysql40、postgresql、oracle、mssql、db2、maxdb、no_key_options、no_tables_options、no_field_options 等,要使用几个值,用逗号将它们隔开。当然了,它并不保证能完全兼容,而是尽量兼容。

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span>complete-insert,-c  </span></span></li></ol>

导出的数据采用包含字段名的完整 INSERT 方式,也就是把所有的值都写在一行。这么做能提高插入效率,但是可能会受到 max_allowed_packet 参数的影响而导致插入失败。因此,需要谨慎使用该参数,至少我不推荐。

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span class="attribute">default-character-set</span><span>=</span><span class="attribute-value">charset</span><span>  </span></span></li></ol>

指定导出数据时采用何种字符集,如果数据表不是采用默认的 latin1 字符集的话,那么导出时必须指定该选项,否则再次导入数据后将产生乱码问题。

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span>disable-keys  </span></span></li></ol>

告诉 mysql备份在 INSERT 语句的开头和结尾增加 /*!40000 ALTER TABLE table DISABLE KEYS */; 和 /*!40000 ALTER TABLE table ENABLE KEYS */; 语句,这能大大提高插入语句的速度,因为它是在插入完所有数据后才重建索引的。该选项只适合 MyISAM 表。

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span class="attribute">extended-insert</span><span> = </span><span class="attribute-value">true</span><span>|false  </span></span></li></ol>

默认情况下,mysqldump 开启 complete-insert 模式,因此不想用它的的话,就使用本选项,设定它的值为 false 即可。

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span>hex-blob  </span></span></li></ol>

使用十六进制格式导出二进制字符串字段。如果有二进制数据就必须使用本选项。影响到的字段类型有 BINARY、VARBINARY、BLOB 。

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span>lock-all-tables,-x  </span></span></li></ol>

在开始导出之前,提交请求锁定所有数据库中的所有表,以保证数据的一致性。这是一个全局读锁,并且自动关闭 single-transaction 和 lock-tables 选项。

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span>lock-tables  </span></span></li></ol>

它和 lock-all-tables 类似,不过是锁定当前导出的数据表,而不是一下子锁定全部库下的表。本选项只适用于 MyISAM 表,如果是 Innodb 表可以用 single-transaction 选项。

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span>no-create-info,-t  </span></span></li></ol>

只导出数据,而不添加 CREATE TABLE 语句。

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span>no-data,-d  </span></span></li></ol>

不导出任何数据,只导出数据库表结构。

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span>opt  </span></span></li></ol>

这只是一个快捷选项,等同于同时添加 add-drop-tables add-locking create-option disable-keys extended-insert lock-tables quick set-charset 选项。本选项能让 mysqldump 很快的导出数据,并且导出的数据能很快导回。

该选项默认开启,但可以用 skip-opt 禁用。注意,如果运行 mysql备份 没有指定 quick 或 opt 选项,则会将整个结果集放在内存中。如果导出大数据库的话可能会出现问题。

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span>quick,-q  </span></span></li></ol>

该选项在导出大表时很有用,它强制 mysqldump 从服务器查询取得记录直接输出而不是取得所有记录后将它们缓存到内存中。

<ol class="dp-xml"><li class="alt"><span><span>routines,-R  </span></span></li></ol>

导出存储过程以及自定义
 


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