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MySQL 数据库索引

Jun 07, 2016 pm 04:07 PM
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MySQL建立索引的优点: 1.大大加快数据的检索速度; 2.创建唯一性索引,保证数据库表中每一行数据的唯一性; 3.加速表和表之间的连

MySQL建立索引的优点:

1.大大加快数据的检索速度;

2.创建唯一性索引,保证数据库表中每一行数据的唯一性;

3.加速表和表之间的连接;

4.在使用分组和排序子句进行数据检索时,可以显著减少查询中分组和排序的时间。

 索引的缺点:

1.索引需要占物理空间。

2.当对表中的数据进行增加、删除和修改的时候,索引也要动态的维护,降低了数据的维护速度。

 什么时候应该创建索引:

1、在经常需要搜索的列上,可以加快搜索的速度;

2、在作为主键的列上,强制该列的唯一性和组织表中数据的排列结构;

3、在经常用在连接的列上,这些列主要是一些外键,可以加快连接的速度;

4、在经常需要根据范围进行搜索的列上创建索引,因为索引已经排序,其指定的范围是连续的;

5、在经常需要排序的列上创建索引,因为索引已经排序,这样查询可以利用索引的排序,加快排序查询时间;

6、在经常使用在WHERE子句中的列上面创建索引,加快条件的判断速度。

 不应该创建索引的特点:

1、对于那些在查询中很少使用或者参考的列不应该创建索引。

这是因为,既然这些列很少使用到,因此有索引或者无索引,并不能提高查询速度。相反,由于增加了索引,,反而降低了系统的维护速度和增大了空间需求。

2、对于那些只有很少数据值的列也不应该增加索引。

这是因为,由于这些列的取值很少,例如人事表的性别列,在查询的结果中,结果集的数据行占了表中数据行的很大比例,即需要在表中搜索的数据行的比例很大。增加索引,并不能明显加快检索速度。

3、对于那些定义为text, image和bit数据类型的列不应该增加索引。这是因为,这些列的数据量要么相当大,要么取值很少,不利于使用索引。

4、当修改性能远远大于检索性能时,不应该创建索引。

这是因为,修改性能和检索性能是互相矛盾的。当增加索引时,会提高检索性能,但是会降低修改性能。当减少索引时,会提高修改性能,降低检索性能。因此,当修改操作远远多于检索操作时,不应该创建索引。

MYSQL 如何创建索引:

三种常用索引:唯一索引、主键索引和聚集索引。

1、添加PRIMARY KEY(主键索引)

mysql>ALTER TABLE `table_name` ADD PRIMARY KEY ( `column` )

2、添加UNIQUE(唯一索引)

mysql>ALTER TABLE `table_name` ADD UNIQUE (
 `column`
 )

3、添加INDEX(普通索引)

mysql>ALTER TABLE `table_name` ADD INDEX index_name ( `column` )

4、添加FULLTEXT(全文索引)

mysql>ALTER TABLE `table_name` ADD FULLTEXT ( `column`)

5、添加多列索引

mysql>ALTER TABLE `table_name` ADD INDEX index_name ( `column1`, `column2`, `column3` )

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