到现在为止,你只学习了如何根据特定的条件从表中取出一条或多条记录。但是,假如你想对一个表中的记录进行数据统计。例如,如果你想统计存储在表中的一次民意测验的投票结果。或者你想知道一个访问者在你的站点上平均花费了多少时间。要对表中的任何类型的
到现在为止,你只学习了如何根据特定的条件从表中取出一条或多条记录。但是,假如你想对一个表中的记录进行数据统计。例如,如果你想统计存储在表中的一次民意测验的投票结果。或者你想知道一个访问者在你的站点上平均花费了多少时间。要对表中的任何类型的数据进行统计,都需要使用集合函数。你可以统计记录数目,平均值,最小值,最大值,或者求和。当你使用一个集合函数时,它只返回一个数,该数值代表这几个统计值之一。
这些函数的最大特点就是经常和GROUP BY语句配合使用,需要注意的是集合函数不能和非分组的列混合使用。
行列计数
计算查询语句返回的记录行数
直接计算函数COUNT(*)的值,例如,计算pet表中猫的只数:
mysql>SELECT count(*) FROM pet WHERE species=’cat’;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 2 |
+----------+
统计字段值的数目
例如,计算pet表中species列的数目:
mysql> SELECT count(species) FROM pet;
+----------------+
| count(species) |
+----------------+
| 9 |
+----------------+
如果相同的种类出现了不止一次,该种类将会被计算多次。如果你想知道种类为某个特定值的宠物有多少个,你可以使用WHERE子句,如下例所示:
mysql> SELECT COUNT(species) FROM pet WHERE species='cat' ;
注意这条语句的结果:
+----------------+
| COUNT(species) |
+----------------+
| 2 |
+----------------+
这个例子返回种类为'cat'的作者的数目。如果这个名字在表pet中出现了两次,则次函数的返回值是2。 而且它和上面提到过的语句的结果是一致的:
SELECT count(*) FROM pet WHERE species=’cat’
实际上,这两条语句是等价的。
假如你想知道有多少不同种类的的宠物数目。你可以通过使用关键字DISTINCT来得到该数目。如下例所示:
mysql> SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT species) FROM pet;
+-------------------------+
| COUNT(DISTINCT species) |
+-------------------------+
| 5 |
+-------------------------+
如果种类'cat'出现了不止一次,它将只被计算一次。关键字DISTINCT 决定了只有互不相同的值才被计算。
通常,当你使用COUNT()时,字段中的空值将被忽略。
另外,COUNT()函数通常和GROUP BY子句配合使用,例如可以这样返回每种宠物的数目:
mysql> SELECT species,count(*) FROM pet GROUP BY species;
+---------+----------+
| species | count(*) |
+---------+----------+
| bird | 2 |
| cat | 2 |
| dog | 3 |
| hamster | 1 |
| snake | 1 |
+---------+----------+

ACID attributes include atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, and are the cornerstone of database design. 1. Atomicity ensures that the transaction is either completely successful or completely failed. 2. Consistency ensures that the database remains consistent before and after a transaction. 3. Isolation ensures that transactions do not interfere with each other. 4. Persistence ensures that data is permanently saved after transaction submission.

MySQL is not only a database management system (DBMS) but also closely related to programming languages. 1) As a DBMS, MySQL is used to store, organize and retrieve data, and optimizing indexes can improve query performance. 2) Combining SQL with programming languages, embedded in Python, using ORM tools such as SQLAlchemy can simplify operations. 3) Performance optimization includes indexing, querying, caching, library and table division and transaction management.

MySQL uses SQL commands to manage data. 1. Basic commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN, subquery and aggregate functions. 3. Common errors include syntax, logic and performance issues. 4. Optimization tips include using indexes, avoiding SELECT* and using LIMIT.

MySQL is an efficient relational database management system suitable for storing and managing data. Its advantages include high-performance queries, flexible transaction processing and rich data types. In practical applications, MySQL is often used in e-commerce platforms, social networks and content management systems, but attention should be paid to performance optimization, data security and scalability.

The relationship between SQL and MySQL is the relationship between standard languages and specific implementations. 1.SQL is a standard language used to manage and operate relational databases, allowing data addition, deletion, modification and query. 2.MySQL is a specific database management system that uses SQL as its operating language and provides efficient data storage and management.

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

SublimeText3 Linux new version
SublimeText3 Linux latest version

DVWA
Damn Vulnerable Web App (DVWA) is a PHP/MySQL web application that is very vulnerable. Its main goals are to be an aid for security professionals to test their skills and tools in a legal environment, to help web developers better understand the process of securing web applications, and to help teachers/students teach/learn in a classroom environment Web application security. The goal of DVWA is to practice some of the most common web vulnerabilities through a simple and straightforward interface, with varying degrees of difficulty. Please note that this software

VSCode Windows 64-bit Download
A free and powerful IDE editor launched by Microsoft

MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows
This project is in the process of being migrated to osdn.net/projects/mingw, you can continue to follow us there. MinGW: A native Windows port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), freely distributable import libraries and header files for building native Windows applications; includes extensions to the MSVC runtime to support C99 functionality. All MinGW software can run on 64-bit Windows platforms.