在Soundbreak我们每天24小时不间断地播放实况音频和视频,所以对于MySQL的新增的复制特性,我们不能做出很令人信服的测试。通过测试我们发现,可以使用这个特性来与备份数据库服务器保持数据同步,这样当主服务器因为某种原因处理失效时,能够使用备份机处理
在Soundbreak我们每天24小时不间断地播放实况音频和视频,所以对于MySQL的新增的复制特性,我们不能做出很令人信服的测试。通过测试我们发现,可以使用这个特性来与备份数据库服务器保持数据同步,这样当主服务器因为某种原因处理失效时,能够使用备份机处理所有的查询。对于这样的要求,配置两台服务器并不困难。我将详细讨论整个处理过程,同时讨论一下当主服务器失效时,如何使用PHP来重定向查询。
MySQL内部复制功能是建立在两个或两个以上服务器之间,通过设定它们之间的主-从关系来实现的。其中一个作为主服务器,其它的作为从服务器。我将详细讨论如何配置两台服务器,将一个设为主服务器,另一个设为从服务器。并且描述一下在它们之间进行切换的处理过程。我是在MySQL的3.23.23版本上进行的配置设置过程,并且也是在这个版本上进行的测试。MySQL开发人员建议最好使用最新版本,并且主-从服务器均使用相同的版本。同时MySQL 3.23版本仍然是beta测试版,而且这个版本可能不能向下兼容。所以因为这个原因,在实际的网站中,我现在还没有使用这个版本。拥有容错能力具有一个好处是,在不需中断任何查询的情况下,对服务器进行升级。
第一步:配置主服务器
在这篇文章的剩下篇幅中,我将指定两台服务器。A(IP为10.1.1.1)作为主服务器(简称为主机)。B(IP为10.1.1.2)作为后备服务器(简称为备机)。
MySQL的复制功能的实现过程为:备机(B)与主机(A)连接,然后读出主机的二进制更新日志,再将发生的变化合并到自已的数据库中。备机需要一个用户帐号来与主机连接,所以在主机上创建一个帐号,并只给它FILE权限,如下操作:
GRANT FILE ON *.* TO replicate@10.1.1.2 IDENTIFIED BY password; |
为了备机能够与主机连接,要在主机上运行FLUSH PRIVILEGES,不过不要担心,因为我们将在下面的步骤中停掉服务器。
现在我们需要主机数据库的一个快照,并且对主机进行配置,允许生成二进制的更新日志。首先编辑my.cnf文件,以便允许二进制更新日志,所以在[mysqld]部分的下面某个地方增加一行:log-bin。在下一次服务器启动时,主机将生成二进制更新日志(名为:-bin.)。为了让二进制更新日志有效,关闭MySQL服务程序,然后将主机上的所有数据库目录到另一个目录中,接着重新启动mysqld。
请确定得到了所有数据库,否则在进行复制时,如果一个表在主机上存在但在备机上不存在,将因为出错而退出。现在你已经得到了数据的快照,和一个从建立快照以来的二进制日志,上面记录着任何对数据库的修改。请注意MySQL数据文件(*.MYD,*.MYI和*.frm)是依赖于文件系统的,所以你不能仅仅进行文件传输,如从Solaris到Linux。如果你处于一个异种的服务器环境,你将不得不使用mysqldump实用程序或其它的定制脚本来得到数据快照。
第二步:配置备机
让我们继续。停掉备机上的MySQL服务程序,并且把从主机上拷贝来的数据库目录移到备机上的data目录下。请确认将目录的拥有者和属组改变为MySQL用户相应值,并且修改文件模式为660(只对拥有者和属组可读、可写),目录本身为770(只对拥有者和属组可读、可写和可执行)。
继续。在备机上启动MySQL服务程序,确认MySQL工作正常。运行几个select查询(不要update或insert查询),看一看在第一步中得到的数据快照是否成功。接着,在测试成功后关掉MySQL服务程序。
在备机上配置需要访问的主机,以便接收主机的更改。所以需要编辑务机上的my.cnf文件,在[mysqld]部分中增加下面几行:
master-host=10.1.1.1 master-user=replicate master-password=password |
在启动备机服务程序后,备机服务程序将查看在my.cnf文件中所指定的主机,查看是否有改变,并且将这些改变合并到自已的数据库中。备机保持了主机的更新记录,这些记录是从主机的master.info文件中接收下来的。备机线程的状态可以通过sql命令SHOW SLAVE-STATUS看到。在备机上处理二进制日志中如果发生错误,都将导致备机线程的退出,并且在*.err的日志文件中生成一条信息。然后错误可以被改正,接着可以使用sql语句SLAVE START来重新启动备机线程。线程将从主机二进制日志处理中断的地方继续处理。
至此,在主机上所发生的数据改变应该已经复制到备机上了,要测试它,你可以在主机上插入或更新一条记录,而在备机上选择这条记录。
现在我们拥有了从A机到B机的这种主-从关系,这样当A机可能当机的时候,允许我们将所有的查询重定向到B机上去,但是当A机恢复时,我们没有办法将发生的改变恢复到A机中去。为了解决这个问题,我们创建从B机到A机的主-从关系。

Stored procedures are precompiled SQL statements in MySQL for improving performance and simplifying complex operations. 1. Improve performance: After the first compilation, subsequent calls do not need to be recompiled. 2. Improve security: Restrict data table access through permission control. 3. Simplify complex operations: combine multiple SQL statements to simplify application layer logic.

The working principle of MySQL query cache is to store the results of SELECT query, and when the same query is executed again, the cached results are directly returned. 1) Query cache improves database reading performance and finds cached results through hash values. 2) Simple configuration, set query_cache_type and query_cache_size in MySQL configuration file. 3) Use the SQL_NO_CACHE keyword to disable the cache of specific queries. 4) In high-frequency update environments, query cache may cause performance bottlenecks and needs to be optimized for use through monitoring and adjustment of parameters.

The reasons why MySQL is widely used in various projects include: 1. High performance and scalability, supporting multiple storage engines; 2. Easy to use and maintain, simple configuration and rich tools; 3. Rich ecosystem, attracting a large number of community and third-party tool support; 4. Cross-platform support, suitable for multiple operating systems.

The steps for upgrading MySQL database include: 1. Backup the database, 2. Stop the current MySQL service, 3. Install the new version of MySQL, 4. Start the new version of MySQL service, 5. Recover the database. Compatibility issues are required during the upgrade process, and advanced tools such as PerconaToolkit can be used for testing and optimization.

MySQL backup policies include logical backup, physical backup, incremental backup, replication-based backup, and cloud backup. 1. Logical backup uses mysqldump to export database structure and data, which is suitable for small databases and version migrations. 2. Physical backups are fast and comprehensive by copying data files, but require database consistency. 3. Incremental backup uses binary logging to record changes, which is suitable for large databases. 4. Replication-based backup reduces the impact on the production system by backing up from the server. 5. Cloud backups such as AmazonRDS provide automation solutions, but costs and control need to be considered. When selecting a policy, database size, downtime tolerance, recovery time, and recovery point goals should be considered.

MySQLclusteringenhancesdatabaserobustnessandscalabilitybydistributingdataacrossmultiplenodes.ItusestheNDBenginefordatareplicationandfaulttolerance,ensuringhighavailability.Setupinvolvesconfiguringmanagement,data,andSQLnodes,withcarefulmonitoringandpe

Optimizing database schema design in MySQL can improve performance through the following steps: 1. Index optimization: Create indexes on common query columns, balancing the overhead of query and inserting updates. 2. Table structure optimization: Reduce data redundancy through normalization or anti-normalization and improve access efficiency. 3. Data type selection: Use appropriate data types, such as INT instead of VARCHAR, to reduce storage space. 4. Partitioning and sub-table: For large data volumes, use partitioning and sub-table to disperse data to improve query and maintenance efficiency.

TooptimizeMySQLperformance,followthesesteps:1)Implementproperindexingtospeedupqueries,2)UseEXPLAINtoanalyzeandoptimizequeryperformance,3)Adjustserverconfigurationsettingslikeinnodb_buffer_pool_sizeandmax_connections,4)Usepartitioningforlargetablestoi


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