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HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial跨库事务一致性问题的解决方案(例)

我们看一个跨库事务一致性的问题,这是一个简单的场景:有新老两个系统,对应新老两套数据库,新数据库采用分库分表的设计,考虑到项目发布之后可能存在风险,采取了新老系统的并行方案。这个系统的业务比较简单:接收来自外部的数据,然后对数据进行核对处

我们看一个跨库事务一致性的问题,这是一个简单的场景:有新老两个系统,对应新老两套数据库,新数据库采用分库分表的设计,考虑到项目发布之后可能存在风险,采取了新老系统的并行方案。这个系统的业务比较简单:接收来自外部的数据,然后对数据进行核对处理。为了保证新老系统能够并行,在接收数据的时候必须实现双写方案,从而导致了跨库事务的一致性问题。

下面一幅图展示这一简单的场景

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这里面会存在一个小问题,就是可能存在写入老库成功,但是写入新库失败的场景。

我们假设出现这种概率的情况是百万分之一,在系统发布的情况下,这种概率可能更高。从目前我们的数据量来看,一天大概5000W,那么出现不一致的数据量在500条。考虑到这个是数据核算系统,不能有一条丢失的情况,否则两边比对结果可能会不一致。所以需要保证一致性。

这种问题,有以下几种解决方案

1 考虑使用JTA等支持分布式事务的事务管理器

这种方案的优势就是直接有现成的解决方案,一般的j2ee服务器都提供了JTA的相关的实现。比较明显的问题就是解决方案太重量级。一般JTA除了服务器要支持,对应的数据库服务厂商一般也要提供相应的商业支持,主要是提供基于 XAResource JDBC驱动,这一些商业上的支持,部分是需要付费的。而且使用XA 数据库驱动,本身可能导致一些潜在的问题,尤其是基于不同的数据库厂商的时候。而XA是基于两阶段提交协议,事务管理器为了完成一个事务,需要多次和数据库通信,效率上比较低。

2 考虑使用数据库自身的数据同步机制

如果新老库的结构基本一样,这种方案还是比较靠谱的。也是比较简单的方案。这种方案的局限性也再次。在本项目中,新库不是一个物理库,而是多个物理库,而老库是一个物理库。如果要用数据库自身的同步机制,涉及到多个库和一个库之间的数据复制。同时由于分表的方案也不一样,导致两边做一个映射的配置,而这个需要在数据库层面进行,逻辑相当的复杂,解决方案成本也比较高。相当于把重要的分库分表的逻辑在数据库这一层重新实现了一份。

其实这个也带来一个维护问题,一旦我们觉得新系统已经足够稳定。应用程序可以之间在写入库进行切换,把老库的逻辑切掉,从而实现了只写新库的需求。整个过程也不需要进行再次发布。而数据库的方案则需要停掉脚本,在多个地方进行配置。

3 在old库存放相同的两张模型表,一张表用于old库的持久化表,另外一张作为临时表,主要是作为需要同步到到新库的数据。如果已经同步到新库,就删除。如果没有同步到新库就同步到新库。这个过程采用定时机制,每分钟定时提取临时表一定数据量的数据,批量导入到新库。通过努力重试,来保证一致性。而新库则需要保证幂等性,保证数据只会同步过一次。一般情况下,则是通过数据特征标识符来识别,这个一般都是数据的唯一性主键。

下面是简单的实现:

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这三种方案的主要思想就是 采取重试机制,这个只是分布式事务里面的一种模型,相应的还有两阶段提交,异常恢复补偿等机制。

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