ON 、WHERE、HAVING都能通过限制条件筛选数据,但他们的使用及其不同。下面我们来分析三者之间的区别。 1. ON 和WHERE 所有的查询都回产生一个中间临时报表,查询结果就是从返回临时报表中得到。ON和WHERE后面所跟限制条件的区别,主要与限制条件起作用的时
ON 、WHERE、HAVING都能通过限制条件筛选数据,但他们的使用及其不同。下面我们来分析三者之间的区别。
1. ON 和WHERE
所有的查询都回产生一个中间临时报表,查询结果就是从返回临时报表中得到。ON和WHERE后面所跟限制条件的区别,主要与限制条件起作用的时机有关,ON根据限制条件对数据库记录进行过滤,然后生产临时表;而WHERE是在临时表生产之后,根据限制条件从临时表中筛选结果。
因为以上原因,ON和WHERE的区别主要有下:
1) 返回结果:在左外(右外)连接中,ON会返回左表(右表)中的所有记录;而WHERE中,此时相当于inner join,只会返回满足条件的记录(因为是从临时表中筛选,会过滤掉不满足条件的)。
2) 速度:因为ON限制条件发生时间较早,临时表的数据集要小,因此ON的性能要优于WHERE。
2. HAVING和WHERE
HAVING和WHERE的区别也是与限制条件起作用时机有关,HAVING是在聚集函数计算结果出来之后筛选结果,查询结果只返回符合条件的分组,HAVING不能单独出现,只能出现在GROUP BY子句中。;而WHERE是在计算之前筛选结果,如果聚集函数使用WHERE,那么聚集函数只计算满足WHERE子句限制条件的数据,例如:
SELECT COUNT(id) FROM db_equip WHERE tb_equip_type = ‘2’;
Count计算的结果是首先筛选设备类型为2的的设备,然后统计设备类型为2类型的数量。
在使用和功能上,HAVING和WHERE有以下区别:
1) HAVING不能单独出现,只能出现在GROUP BY子句之中;WHERE即可以和SELECT等其他子句搭配使用,也可以和GROUP BY子句搭配使用,WHERE的优先级要高于聚合函数高于HAVING。
2) 因为WHERE在聚集函数之前筛选数据,HAVING在计算之后筛选分组,因此WHERE的查询速度要比HAVING的查询速度快。
3. 总结
ON、WHERE、HAVING的主要差别是其子句中限制条件起作用时机引起的,ON是在生产临时表之前根据条件筛选记录,WHERE是从生产的临时表中筛选数据,而HAVING是对临时表中满足条件的数据,进行计算分组之后,通过HAVING限制语句筛选分组,返回结果是满足HAVING子句限制的分组。
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