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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialPostgreSQL的pg_hba.conf文件简析

最近试用PostgreSQL 9.04,将pg_hba.conf配置的一些心得分享。 pg_hba.conf是客户端认证配置文件,定义如何认证客户端。 下面是常用的pg_hba.conf配置: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 # TYPE DATABASE USER CIDR-ADDRESS METHOD # local is for Unix domain socket

最近试用PostgreSQL 9.04,将pg_hba.conf配置的一些心得分享。

pg_hba.conf是客户端认证配置文件,定义如何认证客户端。

下面是常用的pg_hba.conf配置:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 # TYPE DATABASE USER CIDR-ADDRESS METHOD <code class="csharp spaces"><code class="csharp preprocessor"># "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only <code class="csharp plain">local all all ident <code class="csharp spaces"><code class="csharp preprocessor"># IPv4 local connections: <code class="csharp plain">host all all 127.0.0.1/32 md5 <code class="csharp spaces"><code class="csharp preprocessor"># IPv6 local connections: <code class="csharp plain">host all all ::1/128 md5

TYPE定义了多种连接PostgreSQL的方式,分别是:

“local”使用本地unix套接字,

“host”使用TCP/IP连接(包括SSL和非SSL),

“host”结合“IPv4地址”使用IPv4方式,

结合“IPv6地址”则使用IPv6方式,

“hostssl”只能使用SSL TCP/IP连接,

“hostnossl”不能使用SSL TCP/IP连接。

DATABASE指定哪个数据库,多个数据库,库名间以逗号分隔。

“all”只有在没有其他的符合条目时才代表“所有”,如果有其他的符合条目则代表“除了该条之外的”,因为“all”的优先级最低。

如下例:

1 2 local db1 user1 reject <code class="csharp plain">local all all ident

这两条都是指定local访问方式,因为前一条指定了特定的数据库db1,

所以后一条的all代表的是除了db1之外的数据库,同理用户的all也是这个道理。

USER指定哪个数据库用户(PostgreSQL正规的叫法是角色,role)。多个用户以逗号分隔。

CIDR-ADDRESS项local方式不必填写,该项可以是IPv4地址或IPv6地址,可以定义某台主机或某个网段。

METHOD指定如何处理客户端的认证。常用的有ident,md5,password,trust,reject。

ident是Linux下PostgreSQL默认的local认证方式,凡是能正确登录服务器的操作系统用户(注:不是数据库用户)就能使用本用户映射的数据库用户不需密码登录数据库。

用户映射文件为pg_ident.conf,这个文件记录着与操作系统用户匹配的数据库用户,如果某操作系统用户在本文件中没有映射用户,则默认的映射数据库用户与操作系统用户同名。

比如,服务器上有名为user1的操作系统用户,同时数据库上也有同名的数据库用户,user1登录操作系统后可以直接输入psql,以user1数据库用户身份登录数据库且不需密码。

很多初学者都会遇到psql -U username登录数据库却出现“username ident 认证失败”的错误,明明数据库用户已经createuser。

原因就在于此,使用了ident认证方式,却没有同名的操作系统用户或没有相应的映射用户。

解决方案:1、在pg_ident.conf中添加映射用户;

2、改变认证方式。

md5是常用的密码认证方式,如果你不使用ident,最好使用md5。

密码是以md5形式传送给数据库,较安全,且不需建立同名的操作系统用户。

password是以明文密码传送给数据库,建议不要在生产环境中使用。

trust是只要知道数据库用户名就不需要密码或ident就能登录,建议不要在生产环境中使用。

reject是拒绝认证。

本地使用psql登录数据库,是以unix套接字的方式,附合local方式。

使用PGAdmin3或php登录数据库,不论是否本地均是以TCP/IP方式,附合host方式。如果是本地(数据库地址localhost),

CIDR-ADDRESS则为127.0.0.1/32。

例:

允许本地使用PGAdmin3登录数据库,数据库地址localhost,用户user1,数据库user1db:

  host user1db user1 127.0.0.1/32 md5

允许10.1.1.0~10.1.1.255网段登录数据库:

  host all all 10.1.1.0/24 md5

信任192.168.1.10登录数据库:

  host all all 192.168.1.10/32 trust

pg_hba.conf修改后,使用pg_ctl reload重新读取pg_hba.conf文件,如果pg_ctl找不到数据库,则用-D /.../pgsql/data/ 指定数据库目录,或export PGDATA=/.../pgsql/data/ 导入环境变量。

另:PostgreSQL默认只监听本地端口,用netstat -tuln只会看到“tcp 127.0.0.1:5432 LISTEN”。修改postgresql.conf中的listen_address=*,监听所有端口,这样远程才能通过TCP/IP登录数据库,用netstat -tuln会看到“tcp 0.0.0.0:5432 LISTEN”。

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