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数据库设计 ER模型 Entity-Relationship,实体-关系模型。该模型的图形化表示就是ER图。 1.用矩形表示实体。 2.用椭圆表示实体属性。 3.用零星表示是体检关系。 例一:有一个简单的数据库系统,实体有班级、学生、课程。 一个班有若干个学生,一个学生只能属

数据库设计

ER模型

Entity-Relationship,实体-关系模型。该模型的图形化表示就是ER图。

1.用矩形表示实体。

2.用椭圆表示实体属性。

3.用零星表示是体检关系。

例一:有一个简单的数据库系统,实体有班级、学生、课程。

一个班有若干个学生,一个学生只能属于一个班。

一个学生可以选修多门课,一门课有若干学生选修。

\

将ER图转换为关系数据模型

1.实体的转换
一个实体转化为一个关系模式。实体的属性就是关系模式的属性,主键类同。
2.联系的转换
(1)两实体间1:1的联系可以转换为一个独立的关系模式,也可以与任意一端的关系模式合并。
(2)两实体间1:N的联系可以转换为一个独立的关系模式,也可以与N端对应的关系模式合并。
(3)两实体间M:N的联系,必须为联系产生一个新的关系模式。该模式中至少包含两实体的主键。若联系有属性,也要加入该新的关系模式中。

关系代数

传统的集合运算:并、交、补、差、笛卡尔积。

专门的关系运算:投影(垂直分割)、选择(水平分割)、连接(关系的结合)、除法(笛卡尔积的逆运算)。

笛卡尔积:设元素R和S的属性个数分别为r、s。则R*S={|A属于R,B属于S}。

\

 

左右连接、内连接

左外连接是以左边的表为基准。通俗的讲,先将左边的表全部显示出来,然后把右边表中符合条件的数据项拼接上去。

右外连接以右边表为基准。

内连接就是只显示匹配得上的数据项。

示例:
[TEST1@orcl#16-12月-11] SQL>select * from t1;

ID NAME
---------- --------------------
1 aaa
2 bbb

[TEST1@orcl#16-12月-11] SQL>select * from t2;

ID AGE
---------- ----------
1 20
3 30


左外连接:
[TEST1@orcl#16-12月-11] SQL>select * from t1 left join t2 on t1.id=t2.id;

ID NAME ID AGE
---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------

1 aaa 1 20

2 bbb


右外连接:
[TEST1@orcl#16-12月-11] SQL>select * from t1 right join t2 on t1.id=t2.id;

ID NAME ID AGE
---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
1 aaa 1 20
3 30


内连接:
[TEST1@orcl#16-12月-11] SQL>select * from t1 inner join t2 on t1.id=t2.id;

ID NAME ID AGE
---------- -------------------- ---------- ----------
1 aaa 1 20
 

关系的规范化

函数依赖。

X、Y为关系R中的两个属性。若Y可完全由X唯一确定,则称Y依赖于X。记作X->Y.

索引类型

唯一索引:索引了不能有两行记录行同。
非唯一索引:与上述概念相对。

单列索引:索引根据单列创建。
复合索引:索引根据多列创建。

聚集索引:对表进行物理排序的索引。比如汉语字典按拼音字母顺序进行聚集索引。
非聚集索引:不对表进行物理排序的索引。比如汉语字典中偏旁部首的索引。数据库中可有1个聚集索引和多个聚集索引。

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