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HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial让你提前认识软件开发(34):数据库的维护

第2部分 数据库SQL语言 数据库的维护 对于某些大型软件产品,一旦商用,必然会存储很多用户信息,这就对产品所使用的数据库(以下简称 业务数据库 )带来了压力。为了保证业务数据库的平稳运行,需要在日常工作中对数据库做一些基本的维护操作。 业务数据库的

第2部分 数据库SQL语言

数据库的维护

对于某些大型软件产品,一旦商用,必然会存储很多用户信息,这就对产品所使用的数据库(以下简称业务数据库)带来了压力。为了保证业务数据库的平稳运行,需要在日常工作中对数据库做一些基本的维护操作。

业务数据库的维护规则如下:

1. 对业务数据库必须进行定期全量备份

业务数据库的定期备份能在数据库被意外破坏时进行快速恢复,备份策略可以根据数据增量大小采用周计划或月计划。

假如备份数据库db_100,则Oracle、Sybase和SQL Server中的操作方法如下:

(1) Oracle用户模式的备份

exp db_100/db_100 owner=db_100 buffer=8192(或64000)

file=exp_db100.dmp(或磁带设备/dev/rmt0)

tables=

rows=y

compress=n

log= exp_db100.log

参数说明:

owner:将要卸出的用户名列表。

buffer:缓冲区大小。

file:由export创建的输出文件的名字。

tables:将要卸出的表名列表。

rows:指明是否卸出表数据的行数,缺省为“y”。

compress:指明在装入期间是否将表数据压缩到一个区域中。如果在卸出数据时,指定参数compress=y,那么装入时,就会将数据压缩到一个初始区域中。这种选择可以保持初始化区域的原始大小。缺省为“y”。

log:指定一个接收有用信息和错误信息的文件。

(2) Sybase中数据库的备份

dump database db_100 with /home/data/db100.dmp(或磁带设备/dev/rmt0)

(3) SQL Server中数据库的备份

use master

go

exec sp_addumpdevice 'disk', 'dev_db100',

disk ='C:\backup\dev_db100.dat'

go

backup database db_100 to dev_db100

go

2. 对业务数据库定期进行数据清理,清理前必须完成备份操作

对每天记录增长较多的日志表采用备份表的机制,即建立和生产表一样结构的备份表,根据项目的需要决定生产表和备份表保留的时间。

假设1000号业务要处理主日志生产表tb_mainlog,要求是该生产表保留2天的记录,备份表保留90天的记录,筛选日期的字段名为startdatetime,分批提交的间隔为60分钟,有一个存储过程pr_backuptable用于备份,则只需如下调用:

exec pr_backuptable ‘tb_mainlog’,’tb_mainlog_bak’,2,90,’startdatetime’, ‘yyyy.mm.dd hh:mi:ss’,60,’’

参数说明:

参数1:生产表名

参数2:备份表名

参数3:生产表保留的天数

参数4:备份表保留的天数

参数5:筛选日期字段名

参数6:筛选日期字段的格式

参数7:分批提交的间隔(单位:分钟)

参数8:用于进行比较的扩展条件

3. 如果数据库没有设置截断日志(或者不归档模式),需要对数据库日志定期维护

Oracle日志的归档模式的设置一般在安装时就需进行;Sybase数据库的选项“trunc log on chkpt”设为true,或者如果此选项设为false,则需要定期进行数据库的日志截断;SQL Server数据库的选项“autoshrink”设为true。

(1) 设置Oracle数据库的日志为不归档模式

操作步骤为:

1) 关闭数据库

2) 按 startup mount方式启动实例

3) 切换模式

alter database noarchivelog;

alter database open;

(2) Sybase中设置数据库db_100中“trunc log on chkpt”为true

use master

go

sp_dboption db_100,'trunc log on chkpt',true

go

use db_100

go

checkpoint

go

(3) SQL Server中设置数据库db_100中“autoshrink”为true

sp_dboption db_100,'autoshrink',true

4. 对数据库索引进行定期维护

对Sybase,SQL Server数据库中的表中的索引要定期进行update statistics维护。如果索引失效,则重建索引。

例如,要更新tb_userinfo表中所有索引中所有列的统计信息,可采用以下语句:

update index statistics tb_userinfo

5. 定期查看数据库任务的运行结果日志和数据库可用空间最大值

在数据库运行过程中,要经常通过日志来查看相关任务的运行结果是否正常,并查看数据库剩余空间数,如果可用空间已经很小了,则要进行一定的文件清理操作。

6. 对数据库进行大批量的增、删、改操作后建议对表进行一致性检查和索引的重建

在经过大规模的操作的时候,有可能会无意中破坏掉数据表的结构,因此需要在操作完成之后对表进行一致性检查。如果发现表结构出现异常,则需要重建表及相应的索引。

在某些业务软件产品中,数据的维护是一项复杂、繁重而长期的工作,相关维护经验也只有在实际操作过程中才能够累积起来。 

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