啥是集合操作? 通常来说,将联接操作看作是表之间的水平操作,因为该操作生成的虚拟表包含两个表中的列。而我这里总结的集合操作,一般将这些操作看作是垂直操作。MySQL数据库支持两种集合操作:UNION DISTINCT和UNION ALL。 与联接操作一样,集合操作也是对
啥是集合操作?
通常来说,将联接操作看作是表之间的水平操作,因为该操作生成的虚拟表包含两个表中的列。而我这里总结的集合操作,一般将这些操作看作是垂直操作。MySQL数据库支持两种集合操作:UNION DISTINCT和UNION ALL。
与联接操作一样,集合操作也是对两个输入进行操作,并生成一个虚拟表。在联接操作中,一般把输入表称为左输入和右输入。集合操作的两个输入必须拥有相同的列数,若数据类型不同,MySQL数据库自动将进行隐式转换。同时,结果列的名称由左输入决定。
前期准备
准备测试表table1和table2:
create table table1
(aid int not null auto_increment,
title varchar(20),
tag varchar(10),
primary key(aid))
engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
create table table2
(bid int not null auto_increment,
title varchar(20),
tag varchar(10),
primary key(bid))
engine=innodb default charset=utf8;
插入以下测试数据:
insert into table1(aid, title, tag) values(1, 'article1', 'MySQL');
insert into table1(aid, title, tag) values(2, 'article2', 'PHP');
insert into table1(aid, title, tag) values(3, 'article3', 'CPP');
insert into table2(bid, title, tag) values(1, 'article1', 'MySQL');
insert into table2(bid, title, tag) values(2, 'article2', 'CPP');
insert into table2(bid, title, tag) values(3, 'article3', 'C');
UNION DISTINCT
UNION DISTINCT组合两个输入,并应用DISTINCT过滤重复项,一般可以直接省略DISTINCT关键字,直接使用UNION。
UNION的语法如下:
SELECT column,... FROM table1
UNION [ALL]
SELECT column,... FROM table2
...
在多个SELECT语句中,对应的列应该具有相同的字段属性,且第一个SELECT语句中被使用的字段名称也被用于结果的字段名称。
现在我运行以下sql语句:
(select * from table1) union (select * from table2);
将会得到以下结果:
+-----+----------+-------+
| aid | title | tag |
+-----+----------+-------+
| 1 | article1 | MySQL |
| 2 | article2 | PHP |
| 3 | article3 | CPP |
| 2 | article2 | CPP |
| 3 | article3 | C |
+-----+----------+-------+
我们发现,表table1和表table2中的重复数据项:
| 1 | article1 | MySQL |
只出现了一次,,这就是UNION的作用效果。
MySQL数据库目前对UNION DISTINCT的实现方式如下:
创建一张临时表,也就是虚拟表;
对这张临时表的列添加唯一索引;
将输入的数据插入临时表;
返回虚拟表。
因为添加了唯一索引,所以可以过滤掉集合中重复的数据项。这里重复的意思是SELECT所选的字段完全相同时,才会算作是重复的。
UNION ALL
UNION ALL的意思是不会排除掉重复的数据项,比如我运行以下的sql语句:
(select * from table1) union all (select * from table2);
你将会得到以下结果:
+-----+----------+-------+
| aid | title | tag |
+-----+----------+-------+
| 1 | article1 | MySQL |
| 2 | article2 | PHP |
| 3 | article3 | CPP |
| 1 | article1 | MySQL |
| 2 | article2 | CPP |
| 3 | article3 | C |
+-----+----------+-------+
发现重复的数据并不会被筛选掉。
在使用UNION DISTINCT的时候,由于向临时表中添加了唯一索引,插入的速度显然会因此而受到影响。如果确认进行UNION操作的两个集合中没有重复的选项,最有效的办法应该是使用UNION ALL。

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MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

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