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HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial初步介绍MySQL中的集合操作

啥是集合操作? 通常来说,将联接操作看作是表之间的水平操作,因为该操作生成的虚拟表包含两个表中的列。而我这里总结的集合操作,一般将这些操作看作是垂直操作。MySQL数据库支持两种集合操作:UNION DISTINCT和UNION ALL。 与联接操作一样,集合操作也是对

   啥是集合操作?

  通常来说,将联接操作看作是表之间的水平操作,因为该操作生成的虚拟表包含两个表中的列。而我这里总结的集合操作,一般将这些操作看作是垂直操作。MySQL数据库支持两种集合操作:UNION DISTINCT和UNION ALL。

  与联接操作一样,集合操作也是对两个输入进行操作,并生成一个虚拟表。在联接操作中,一般把输入表称为左输入和右输入。集合操作的两个输入必须拥有相同的列数,若数据类型不同,MySQL数据库自动将进行隐式转换。同时,结果列的名称由左输入决定。

  前期准备

  准备测试表table1和table2:

  create table table1

  (aid int not null auto_increment,

  title varchar(20),

  tag varchar(10),

  primary key(aid))

  engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

  create table table2

  (bid int not null auto_increment,

  title varchar(20),

  tag varchar(10),

  primary key(bid))

  engine=innodb default charset=utf8;

  插入以下测试数据:

  insert into table1(aid, title, tag) values(1, 'article1', 'MySQL');

  insert into table1(aid, title, tag) values(2, 'article2', 'PHP');

  insert into table1(aid, title, tag) values(3, 'article3', 'CPP');

  insert into table2(bid, title, tag) values(1, 'article1', 'MySQL');

  insert into table2(bid, title, tag) values(2, 'article2', 'CPP');

  insert into table2(bid, title, tag) values(3, 'article3', 'C');

  UNION DISTINCT

  UNION DISTINCT组合两个输入,并应用DISTINCT过滤重复项,一般可以直接省略DISTINCT关键字,直接使用UNION。

  UNION的语法如下:

  SELECT column,... FROM table1

  UNION [ALL]

  SELECT column,... FROM table2

  ...

  在多个SELECT语句中,对应的列应该具有相同的字段属性,且第一个SELECT语句中被使用的字段名称也被用于结果的字段名称。

  现在我运行以下sql语句:

  (select * from table1) union (select * from table2);

  将会得到以下结果:

  +-----+----------+-------+

  | aid | title | tag |

  +-----+----------+-------+

  | 1 | article1 | MySQL |

  | 2 | article2 | PHP |

  | 3 | article3 | CPP |

  | 2 | article2 | CPP |

  | 3 | article3 | C |

  +-----+----------+-------+

  我们发现,表table1和表table2中的重复数据项:

  | 1 | article1 | MySQL |

  只出现了一次,,这就是UNION的作用效果。

  MySQL数据库目前对UNION DISTINCT的实现方式如下:

  创建一张临时表,也就是虚拟表;

  对这张临时表的列添加唯一索引;

  将输入的数据插入临时表;

  返回虚拟表。

  因为添加了唯一索引,所以可以过滤掉集合中重复的数据项。这里重复的意思是SELECT所选的字段完全相同时,才会算作是重复的。

  UNION ALL

  UNION ALL的意思是不会排除掉重复的数据项,比如我运行以下的sql语句:

  (select * from table1) union all (select * from table2);

  你将会得到以下结果:

  +-----+----------+-------+

  | aid | title | tag |

  +-----+----------+-------+

  | 1 | article1 | MySQL |

  | 2 | article2 | PHP |

  | 3 | article3 | CPP |

  | 1 | article1 | MySQL |

  | 2 | article2 | CPP |

  | 3 | article3 | C |

  +-----+----------+-------+

  发现重复的数据并不会被筛选掉。

  在使用UNION DISTINCT的时候,由于向临时表中添加了唯一索引,插入的速度显然会因此而受到影响。如果确认进行UNION操作的两个集合中没有重复的选项,最有效的办法应该是使用UNION ALL。

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