9.6.MySQL中保留字的处理 尝试使用一个识别符,例如使用嵌入式 MySQL 数据类型或函数名作为表名或列名,例如 TIMESTAMP 或 GROUP ,会造成一个常见问题。允许你这样操作 ( 例如, ABS 可以作为一个列名 ) 。但是,默认情况下,在数调用中在函数名和后面的 (
9.6. MySQL中保留字的处理
尝试使用一个识别符,例如使用嵌入式MySQL 数据类型或函数名作为表名或列名,例如TIMESTAMP 或GROUP ,会造成一个常见问题。允许你这样操作( 例如,ABS 可以作为一个列名) 。但是,默认情况下,在数调用中在函数名和后面的‘( ’字符之间不允许有空格。该要求使函数调用与列名引用不同。
该行为的不利结果是在某些上下文中省略一个空格会使识别符解释为函数名。例如,该语句合法:
<span>mysql> </span> <span><strong><span>CREATE TABLE abs (val INT)</span> <span>;</span> </strong> </span>
但省略abs 后面的空格会造成语法错误,因为省略后该语句好像要调用ABS() 函数:
<span>mysql> </span> <span><strong><span>CREATE TABLE abs(val INT);</span> </strong> </span>
如果SQL 服务器模式包括IGNORE_SPACE 模式值,服务器允许函数调用时在函数名和后面的‘( ’字符之间有空格。这样使函数名被视为保留字。结果是,与函数名相同的识别符必须按照9.2节,“数据库、表、索引、列和别名”中所描述的引起来。SQL 服务器模式按照5.3.2节,“SQL服务器模式”中所描述的进行控制。
限定名中句点后面的字必须为一个识别符,因此不需要将它引起来,即使它是一个保留字。
在MySQL 中,下表中的字显式被保留。其中大多数字进制被标准SQL 用作列名和/ 或表名( 例如,GROUP ) 。少数被保留了,因为MySQL 需要它们,( 目前) 使用yacc 解析程序。保留字被引起来后可以用作识别符。
ADD | ALL | ALTER |
ANALYZE | AND | AS |
ASC | ASENSITIVE | BEFORE |
BETWEEN | BIGINT | BINARY |
BLOB | BOTH | BY |
CALL | CASCADE | CASE |
CHANGE | CHAR | CHARACTER |
CHECK | COLLATE | COLUMN |
CONDITION | CONNECTION | CONSTRAINT |
CONTINUE | CONVERT | CREATE |
CROSS | CURRENT_DATE | CURRENT_TIME |
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP | CURRENT_USER | CURSOR |
DATABASE | DATABASES | DAY_HOUR |
DAY_MICROSECOND | DAY_MINUTE | DAY_SECOND |
DEC | DECIMAL | DECLARE |
DEFAULT | DELAYED | DELETE |
DESC | DESCRIBE | DETERMINISTIC |
DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW | DIV |
DOUBLE | DROP | DUAL |
EACH | ELSE | ELSEIF |
ENCLOSED | ESCAPED | EXISTS |
EXIT | EXPLAIN | FALSE |
FETCH | FLOAT | FLOAT4 |
FLOAT8 | FOR | FORCE |
FOREIGN | FROM | FULLTEXT |
GOTO | GRANT | GROUP |
HAVING | HIGH_PRIORITY | HOUR_MICROSECOND |
HOUR_MINUTE | HOUR_SECOND | IF |
IGNORE | IN | INDEX |
INFILE | INNER | INOUT |
INSENSITIVE | INSERT | INT |
INT1 | INT2 | INT3 |
INT4 | INT8 | INTEGER |
INTERVAL | INTO | IS |
ITERATE | JOIN | KEY |
KEYS | KILL | LABEL |
LEADING | LEAVE | LEFT |
LIKE | LIMIT | LINEAR |
LINES | LOAD | LOCALTIME |
LOCALTIMESTAMP | LOCK | LONG |
LONGBLOB | LONGTEXT | LOOP |
LOW_PRIORITY | MATCH | MEDIUMBLOB |
MEDIUMINT | MEDIUMTEXT | MIDDLEINT |
MINUTE_MICROSECOND | MINUTE_SECOND | MOD |
MODIFIES | NATURAL | NOT |
NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG | NULL | NUMERIC |
ON | OPTIMIZE | OPTION |
OPTIONALLY | OR | ORDER |
OUT | OUTER | OUTFILE |
PRECISION | PRIMARY | PROCEDURE |
PURGE | RAID0 | RANGE |
READ | READS | REAL |
REFERENCES | REGEXP | RELEASE |
RENAME | REPEAT | REPLACE |
REQUIRE | RESTRICT | RETURN |
REVOKE | RIGHT | RLIKE |
SCHEMA | SCHEMAS | SECOND_MICROSECOND |
SELECT | SENSITIVE | SEPARATOR |
SET | SHOW | SMALLINT |
SPATIAL | SPECIFIC | SQL |
SQLEXCEPTION | SQLSTATE | SQLWARNING |
SQL_BIG_RESULT | SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS | SQL_SMALL_RESULT |
SSL | STARTING | STRAIGHT_JOIN |
TABLE | TERMINATED | THEN |
TINYBLOB | TINYINT | TINYTEXT |
TO | TRAILING | TRIGGER |
TRUE | UNDO | UNION |
UNIQUE | UNLOCK | UNSIGNED |
UPDATE | USAGE | USE |
USING | UTC_DATE | UTC_TIME |
UTC_TIMESTAMP | VALUES | VARBINARY |
VARCHAR | VARCHARACTER | VARYING |
WHEN | WHERE | WHILE |
WITH | WRITE | X509 |
XOR | YEAR_MONTH | ZEROFILL |
MySQL 允许部分关键字用做未引起来的识别符,因为许多人以前曾使用过它们。下面列出了一些例子:
-
ACTION
-
BIT
-
DATE
-
ENUM
-
NO
-
TEXT
-
TIME
-
TIMESTAMP

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB

MySQL/InnoDB supports four transaction isolation levels: ReadUncommitted, ReadCommitted, RepeatableRead and Serializable. 1.ReadUncommitted allows reading of uncommitted data, which may cause dirty reading. 2. ReadCommitted avoids dirty reading, but non-repeatable reading may occur. 3.RepeatableRead is the default level, avoiding dirty reading and non-repeatable reading, but phantom reading may occur. 4. Serializable avoids all concurrency problems but reduces concurrency. Choosing the appropriate isolation level requires balancing data consistency and performance requirements.

MySQL is suitable for web applications and content management systems and is popular for its open source, high performance and ease of use. 1) Compared with PostgreSQL, MySQL performs better in simple queries and high concurrent read operations. 2) Compared with Oracle, MySQL is more popular among small and medium-sized enterprises because of its open source and low cost. 3) Compared with Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL is more suitable for cross-platform applications. 4) Unlike MongoDB, MySQL is more suitable for structured data and transaction processing.

MySQL index cardinality has a significant impact on query performance: 1. High cardinality index can more effectively narrow the data range and improve query efficiency; 2. Low cardinality index may lead to full table scanning and reduce query performance; 3. In joint index, high cardinality sequences should be placed in front to optimize query.

The MySQL learning path includes basic knowledge, core concepts, usage examples, and optimization techniques. 1) Understand basic concepts such as tables, rows, columns, and SQL queries. 2) Learn the definition, working principles and advantages of MySQL. 3) Master basic CRUD operations and advanced usage, such as indexes and stored procedures. 4) Familiar with common error debugging and performance optimization suggestions, such as rational use of indexes and optimization queries. Through these steps, you will have a full grasp of the use and optimization of MySQL.

MySQL's real-world applications include basic database design and complex query optimization. 1) Basic usage: used to store and manage user data, such as inserting, querying, updating and deleting user information. 2) Advanced usage: Handle complex business logic, such as order and inventory management of e-commerce platforms. 3) Performance optimization: Improve performance by rationally using indexes, partition tables and query caches.


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