原贴:http://article.pchome.net/content-138561.html MySQL服务器安装完之后如何调节性能 CNET中国PChome.net 原文作者: Peter Zaitsev 原文来源: http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2006/09/29/what-to-tune-in-mysql-server-after-installation 在面
原贴:http://article.pchome.net/content-138561.htmlMySQL服务器安装完之后如何调节性能
CNET中国·PChome.net
原文作者: Peter Zaitsev
原文来源: http://www.mysqlperformanceblog.com/2006/09/29/what-to-tune-in-mysql-server-after-installation
在面试MySQL DBA或者那些打算做MySQL性能优化的人时,我最喜欢问题是:MySQL服务器按照默认设置安装完之后,应该做哪些方面的调节呢?
令我很惊讶的是,有多少人对这个问题无法给出合理的答案,又有多少服务器都运行在默认的设置下。
尽管你可以调节很多MySQL服务器上的变量,但是在大多数通常的工作负载下,只有少数几个才真正重要。如果你把这些变量设置正确了,那么修改其他变量最多只能对系统性能改善有一定提升。
key_buffer_size - 这对MyISAM表来说非常重要。如果只是使用MyISAM表,可以把它设置为可用内存的 30-40%。合理的值取决于索引大小、数据量以及负载 -- 记住,MyISAM表会使用操作系统的缓存来缓存数据,因此需要留出部分内存给它们,很多情况下数据比索引大多了。尽管如此,需要总是检查是否所有的 key_buffer 都被利用了 -- .MYI 文件只有 1GB,而 key_buffer 却设置为 4GB 的情况是非常少的。这么做太浪费了。如果你很少使用MyISAM表,那么也保留低于 16-32MB 的 key_buffer_size 以适应给予磁盘的临时表索引所需。
innodb_buffer_pool_size - 这对Innodb表来说非常重要。Innodb相比MyISAM表对缓冲更为敏感。MyISAM可以在默认的 key_buffer_size 设置下运行的可以,然而Innodb在默认的 innodb_buffer_pool_size 设置下却跟蜗牛似的。由于Innodb把数据和索引都缓存起来,无需留给操作系统太多的内存,因此如果只需要用Innodb的话则可以设置它高达 70-80% 的可用内存。一些应用于 key_buffer 的规则有 -- 如果你的数据量不大,并且不会暴增,那么无需把 innodb_buffer_pool_size 设置的太大了。
innodb_additional_pool_size - 这个选项对性能影响并不太多,至少在有差不多足够内存可分配的操作系统上是这样。不过如果你仍然想设置为 20MB(或者更大),因此就需要看一下Innodb其他需要分配的内存有多少。
innodb_log_file_size 在高写入负载尤其是大数据集的情况下很重要。这个值越大则性能相对越高,但是要注意到可能会增加恢复时间。我经常设置为 64-512MB,跟据服务器大小而异。
innodb_log_buffer_size 默认的设置在中等强度写入负载以及较短事务的情况下,服务器性能还可以。如果存在更新操作峰值或者负载较大,就应该考虑加大它的值了。如果它的值设置太高 了,可能会浪费内存 -- 它每秒都会刷新一次,因此无需设置超过1秒所需的内存空间。通常 8-16MB 就足够了。越小的系统它的值越小。
innodb_flush_logs_at_trx_commit 是否为Innodb比MyISAM慢1000倍而头大?看来也许你忘了修改这个参数了。默认值是 1,这意味着每次提交的更新事务(或者每个事务之外的语句)都会刷新到磁盘中,而这相当耗费资源,尤其是没有电池备用缓存时。很多应用程序,尤其是从 MyISAM转变过来的那些,把它的值设置为 2 就可以了,也就是不把日志刷新到磁盘上,而只刷新到操作系统的缓存上。日志仍然会每秒刷新到磁盘中去,因此通常不会丢失每秒1-2次更新的消耗。如果设置 为 0 就快很多了,不过也相对不安全了 -- MySQL服务器崩溃时就会丢失一些事务。设置为 2 指挥丢失刷新到操作系统缓存的那部分事务。
table_cache -- 打开一个表的开销可能很大。例如MyISAM把MYI文件头标志该表正在使用中。你肯定不希望这种操作太频繁,所以通常要加大缓存数量,使得足以最大限度 地缓存打开的表。它需要用到操作系统的资源以及内存,对当前的硬件配置来说当然不是什么问题了。如果你有200多个表的话,那么设置为 1024 也许比较合适(每个线程都需要打开表),如果连接数比较大那么就加大它的值。我曾经见过设置为 100,000 的情况。
thread_cache -- 线程的创建和销毁的开销可能很大,因为每个线程的连接/断开都需要。我通常至少设置为 16。如果应用程序中有大量的跳跃并发连接并且 Threads_Created 的值也比较大,那么我就会加大它的值。它的目的是在通常的操作中无需创建新线程。
query_cache -- 如果你的应用程序有大量读,而且没有应用程序级别的缓存,那么这很有用。不要把它设置太大了,因为想要维护它也需要不少开销,这会导致MySQL变慢。通 常设置为 32-512Mb。设置完之后最好是跟踪一段时间,查看是否运行良好。在一定的负载压力下,如果缓存命中率太低了,就启用它。
注意:就像你看到的上面这些全局表量,它们都是依据硬件配置以及不同的存储引擎而不同,但是会话变量通常是根据不同的负载来设定的。如果你只有一些简单的 查询,那么就无需增加 sort_buffer_size 的值了,尽管你有 64GB 的内存。搞不好也许会降低性能。
我通常在分析系统负载后才来设置会话变量。
P.S,MySQL的发行版已经包含了各种 my.cnf 范例文件了,可以作为配置模板使用。通常这比你使用默认设置好的多了。

InnoDBBufferPool reduces disk I/O by caching data and indexing pages, improving database performance. Its working principle includes: 1. Data reading: Read data from BufferPool; 2. Data writing: After modifying the data, write to BufferPool and refresh it to disk regularly; 3. Cache management: Use the LRU algorithm to manage cache pages; 4. Reading mechanism: Load adjacent data pages in advance. By sizing the BufferPool and using multiple instances, database performance can be optimized.

Compared with other programming languages, MySQL is mainly used to store and manage data, while other languages such as Python, Java, and C are used for logical processing and application development. MySQL is known for its high performance, scalability and cross-platform support, suitable for data management needs, while other languages have advantages in their respective fields such as data analytics, enterprise applications, and system programming.

MySQL is worth learning because it is a powerful open source database management system suitable for data storage, management and analysis. 1) MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to operate data and is suitable for structured data management. 2) The SQL language is the key to interacting with MySQL and supports CRUD operations. 3) The working principle of MySQL includes client/server architecture, storage engine and query optimizer. 4) Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, and advanced usage involves joining tables using JOIN. 5) Common errors include syntax errors and permission issues, and debugging skills include checking syntax and using EXPLAIN commands. 6) Performance optimization involves the use of indexes, optimization of SQL statements and regular maintenance of databases.

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA


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