为什么要在数据库设计时使用三范式? 答:在设计数据库中为了更好的解决 数据冗余 、数据有效性、提高存储效率考虑。 什么是数据冗余? 答:数据冗余指一个数据在一个或者多个数据文件中重复存储。这里就要设计到“键”的概念。 一、键的概念 超键 :能够决
为什么要在数据库设计时使用三范式?
答:在设计数据库中为了更好的解决数据冗余、数据有效性、提高存储效率考虑。
什么是数据冗余?
答:数据冗余指一个数据在一个或者多个数据文件中重复存储。这里就要设计到“键”的概念。
一、键的概念
超键:能够决定一条记录的单个属性或属性集合。
候选键:不含多余属性的超键。
主键:选择其中一个候选键。
假设:在师范学院,学号、课程号没有重复的情况下下,考虑以下属性
学号
姓名
课程号
成绩
课程名称
10070541001
张三
001
98
张飞
10070541002
李四
001
98
张飞
10070541002
李四
002
96
赵刚
判断是超键吗?
(学号)不能够决定一条记录,不是超键
(学号、成绩)不能够决定一条记录,不是超键
(学号、课程号)能够决定一条记录,是超键
(学号、课程号、成绩)能够决定一条记录,是超键
——从这里看出,超键的组合是唯一决定一条记录的,但是可能不是最小唯一的。
判断是候选键吗?
(课程号、课程名称)唯一,但“课程名称”为多余的属性(即由课程号可以推出课程名称,或者说如果不使用课程名称也能唯一的表示一条数据实体),因此不是候选键。
(学号、课程号)唯一,没有多余的属性所以为候选键
——从这里看出,候选键是最小的超键,也就是说没有多余属性的超键。
二、函数依赖
(一)为什么会出现出现数据冗余?
答:因为数据依赖。数据依赖的典型例子就是:函数依赖。
(二)什么是函数依赖?
答:(专业术语)若对于R(U)的任意两个可能的关系r1、r2,若r1[x]=r2[x],则r1[y]=r2[y],或者若r1[x]不等于r2[x],则r1[y]不等于r2[y],称X决定Y,或者Y依赖X。(通俗的讲)在一个关系模式中,一个属性或者属性集合x决定另一个属性y。则:y依赖x。否则不决定,就不依赖。
(三)函数依赖分类:
1、 平凡依赖与非平凡依赖:
2、 部分依赖与完全依赖:
3、 传递依赖与函数依赖:
三、数据库三范式:
第一范式1NF:原子性
定义:是指数据库表的每一列都是不可分割的基本数据项,同一列中不能有多个值,即实体中的某个属性不能有多个值或者不能有重复的属性。
第二范式2NF:消除部分依赖
定义:第二范式(2NF)是在第一范式(1NF)的基础上建立起来的,即满足第二范式(2NF)必须先满足第一范式(1NF)。第二范式(2NF)要求数据库表中的每个实例或行必须可以被唯一地区分。为实现区分通常需要为表加上一个列,以存储各个实例的唯一标识。
第三范式3NF:消除传递依赖
定义:满足第三范式(3NF)必须先满足第二范式(2NF)。简而言之,第三范式(3NF)要求一个数据库表中不包含已在其它表中已包含的非主关键字信息。

InnoDBBufferPool reduces disk I/O by caching data and indexing pages, improving database performance. Its working principle includes: 1. Data reading: Read data from BufferPool; 2. Data writing: After modifying the data, write to BufferPool and refresh it to disk regularly; 3. Cache management: Use the LRU algorithm to manage cache pages; 4. Reading mechanism: Load adjacent data pages in advance. By sizing the BufferPool and using multiple instances, database performance can be optimized.

Compared with other programming languages, MySQL is mainly used to store and manage data, while other languages such as Python, Java, and C are used for logical processing and application development. MySQL is known for its high performance, scalability and cross-platform support, suitable for data management needs, while other languages have advantages in their respective fields such as data analytics, enterprise applications, and system programming.

MySQL is worth learning because it is a powerful open source database management system suitable for data storage, management and analysis. 1) MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to operate data and is suitable for structured data management. 2) The SQL language is the key to interacting with MySQL and supports CRUD operations. 3) The working principle of MySQL includes client/server architecture, storage engine and query optimizer. 4) Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, and advanced usage involves joining tables using JOIN. 5) Common errors include syntax errors and permission issues, and debugging skills include checking syntax and using EXPLAIN commands. 6) Performance optimization involves the use of indexes, optimization of SQL statements and regular maintenance of databases.

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA


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