Oracle数据库并行处理技术详解
欢迎进入Oracle社区论坛,与200万技术人员互动交流 >>进入 Oracle数据库并行处理技术是数据库的一项核心技术,它使组织能够高效地管理和访问TB级的数据。如果不能提供高效的Oracle数据库并行处理技术,这些大型数据库(通常用于数据仓库但也越来越多地出现在
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Oracle数据库并行处理技术是数据库的一项核心技术,它使组织能够高效地管理和访问TB级的数据。如果不能提供高效的Oracle数据库并行处理技术,这些大型数据库(通常用于数据仓库但也越来越多地出现在业务系统中)将不会存在。
简而言之,并行处理就是利用多个CPU和I/O资源来执行单个数据库操作。尽管现在每个主要的数据库供应商都声称可以提供并行处理能力,但每个供应商所提供的体系结构其实存在关键的差异。
本文讨论Oracle 9i并行处理的体系结构,并说明于在实际应用中其相对于其它体系结构的优越性。需要着重指出的是,Oracle9i并行处理体系结构的主要优点在于它能在任何情况下完全利用底层硬件基础架构――每个处理器单元、每个内存字节以及所有可用的I/O带宽。本白皮书还讲述Oracle 并行处理组件与其它关键业务组件(例如:Oracle RealApplication Cluster)的无缝集成。
Oracle数据库并行处理技术简介
现在的数据库,无论是用于数据仓库、操作数据存储(ODS)或OLTP 系统,都包含丰富的信息。然而,由于其中涉及海量数据,及时查找和展示信息是一个巨大的挑战。Oracle数据库并行处理技术能够解决这一挑战。使用Oracle数据库并行处理技术,数分种内(而非数小时或数天)就可以处理数TB级的数据。Oracle数据库并行处理技术通过利用所有可用的硬件资源取得这样的高性能:多个CPU、多个I/O通道、多个存储阵列和磁盘驱动器,以及大量的内存。数据库软件越能有效地利用所有这些资源,处理查询和其它数据库操作就越有效。
此外,现在的数据库应用的复杂性大大都增强了,不仅需要支持大量并发用户,而且需要管理不同类型的用户。因此,一个并行查询体系结构不仅应该确保底层硬件平台的所有资源都得到充分利用,而且应该更进一步,将这些资源适当地分配给多个并发请求。很显然,支持CEO的战略决策的请求比执行批处理报表更加重要,并行查询体系结构应该能够处理这些商务要求:不仅基于请求自身,而且应该基于发出请求的人以及当前可用的系统资源的数量来做出动态的分配。
Oracle9i 的并行处理体系结构能够全面满足这些要求,Oracle9i的体系结构不仅提供业界领先的高性能,而且是唯一可以自适应和动态调整的。
Oracle9i 的并行处理体系结构充分利用每种硬件投资??SMP、群集或MPP的优势――在任何时间保证最佳的吞吐量和连续的、优化的系统使用量。
Oracle9i 数据库根据可用资源、请求优先级和实际系统负载控制来平衡所有并行操作。
Oracle数据库并行处理技术并行化设计策略――静态与动态
并行处理的思想就是将单个任务分解为多个更小的单元。不是通过一个进程完成所有工作,而是将任务并行化而使多个进程同时在更小的单元上运行。这可以极大地提高性能和最佳地利用系统。然而,并行处理的最关键部分是如何作出将单个任务分成更小的工作单元的正确决策。
典型地,有两种方法用于实现数据库系统的并行处理。主要区别在于是否需要进行物理数据布局,将静态的数据分区作为并行处理的前提。
Oracle数据库并行处理技术之通过物理数据分区的静态并行――不共享
在纯不共享数据库体系结构中必须将数据库文件在多计算机系统的节点上进行分区才能进行并行处理。每个节点拥有一个数据子集,拥有节点使用单一进程或线程,以独占方式执行对此数据子集的所有访问。数据访问不能在分区内并行。(有时,也用术语“虚拟处理器”来代替节点。“虚拟处理器”是在SMP计算机上模拟不共享节点的一种机制。为了简单,在讨论不共享体系结构时,我们将统一使用“节点”作为术语)。换句话说,纯不共享系统使用分区或受限访问方法在多个处理节点间划分工作。节点对数据所有权的改变相对少见――为了适应业务需求的改变而进行的数据库重组、添加或删除节点以及节点故障是所有权更改的典型原因。这种数据所有权的改变对纯不共享系统而言总是意味着要进行人工管理。
从概念上看,可以认为纯不共享系统与分布式数据库非常相似。为了在某个节点上执行要求的读/写操作,该节点上的事务必须将消息发送给拥有需要被访问的数据的其它节点,并协调在其它节点上完成的工作。将消息传递给其它节点,在它们拥有的数据集上请求执行特定操作(功能)称为功能传送。另一方面,如果从远程节点请求简单数据,则必须访问完整的数据集并将它从拥有节点返回至请求节点(数据传送)。
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