转载自: http://blog.csdn.net/IBM_hoojo/article/details/5546868 Case 具有 两种 格式 。 简单 Case 函数 和Case 搜索 函数 。 -- 简单 Case 函数 CASE sex WHEN ' 1 ' THEN ' 男 ' WHEN ' 2 ' THEN ' 女 ' ELSE ' 其他 ' END -- Case 搜索 函数 CASE WHE
转载自:
http://blog.csdn.net/IBM_hoojo/article/details/5546868
Case具有两种格式。简单Case函数和Case搜索函数。
--
简单Case函数
CASE
sex
WHEN
'
1
'
THEN
'
男
'
WHEN
'
2
'
THEN
'
女
'
ELSE
'
其他
'
END
--
Case搜索函数
CASE
WHEN
sex
=
'
1
'
THEN
'
男
'
WHEN
sex
=
'
2
'
THEN
'
女
'
ELSE
'
其他
'
END
这两种方式,可以实现相同的功能。简单Case函数的写法相对比较简洁,但是和Case搜索函数相比,功能方面会有些限制,比如写判断式。
还有一个需要注意的问题,Case函数只返回第一个符合条件的值,剩下的Case部分将会被自动忽略。
--
比如说,下面这段SQL,你永远无法得到“第二类”这个结果
CASE
WHEN
col_1
IN
(
'
a
'
,
'
b
'
)
THEN
'
第一类
'
WHEN
col_1
IN
(
'
a
'
)
THEN
'
第二类
'
ELSE
'
其他
'
END
下面我们来看一下,使用Case函数都能做些什么事情。
一,已知数据按照另外一种方式进行分组,分析。
有如下数据:(为了看得更清楚,我并没有使用国家代码,而是直接用国家名作为Primary
Key
)
国家(country) 人口(population)
中国
600
美国
100
加拿大
100
英国
200
法国
300
日本
250
德国
200
墨西哥
50
印度
250
根据这个国家人口数据,统计亚洲和北美洲的人口数量。应该得到下面这个结果。
洲 人口
亚洲
1100
北美洲
250
其他
700
想要解决这个问题,你会怎么做?生成一个带有洲Code的View,是一个解决方法,但是这样很难动态的改变统计的方式。
如果使用Case函数,SQL代码如下:
SELECT
SUM
(population),
CASE
country
WHEN
'
中国
'
THEN
'
亚洲
'
WHEN
'
印度
'
THEN
'
亚洲
'
WHEN
'
日本
'
THEN
'
亚洲
'
WHEN
'
美国
'
THEN
'
北美洲
'
WHEN
'
加拿大
'
THEN
'
北美洲
'
WHEN
'
墨西哥
'
THEN
'
北美洲
'
ELSE
'
其他
'
END
FROM
Table_A
GROUP
BY
CASE
country
WHEN
'
中国
'
THEN
'
亚洲
'
WHEN
'
印度
'
THEN
'
亚洲
'
WHEN
'
日本
'
THEN
'
亚洲
'
WHEN
'
美国
'
THEN
'
北美洲
'
WHEN
'
加拿大
'
THEN
'
北美洲
'
WHEN
'
墨西哥
'
THEN
'
北美洲
'
ELSE
'
其他
'
END
;
同样的,我们也可以用这个方法来判断工资的等级,并统计每一等级的人数。SQL代码如下;
SELECT
CASE
WHEN
salary
500
THEN
'
1
'
WHEN
salary
>
500
AND
salary
600
THEN
'
2
'
WHEN
salary
>
600
AND
salary
800
THEN
'
3
'
WHEN
salary
>
800
AND
salary
1000
THEN
'
4
'
ELSE
NULL
END
salary_class,
COUNT
(
*
)
FROM
Table_A
GROUP
BY
CASE
WHEN
salary
500
THEN
'
1
'
WHEN
salary
>
500
AND
salary
600
THEN
'
2
'
WHEN
salary
>
600
AND
salary
800
THEN
'
3
'
WHEN
salary
>
800
AND
salary
1000
THEN
'
4
'
ELSE
NULL
END
;
二,用一个SQL语句完成不同条件的分组。
有如下数据
国家(country) 性别(sex) 人口(population)
中国
1
340
中国
2
260
美国
1
45
美国
2
55
加拿大
1
51
加拿大
2
49
英国
1
40
英国
2
60
按照国家和性别进行分组,得出结果如下
国家 男 女
中国
340
260
美国
45
55
加拿大
51
49
英国
40
60
普通情况下,用UNION也可以实现用一条语句进行查询。但是那样增加消耗(两个Select部分),而且SQL语句会比较长。
下面是一个是用Case函数来完成这个功能的例子
SELECT
country,
SUM
(
CASE
WHEN
sex
=
'
1
'
THEN
population
ELSE
0
END
),
--
男性人口
SUM
(
CASE
WHEN
sex
=
'
2
'
THEN
population
ELSE
0
END
)
--
女性人口
FROM
Table_A
GROUP
BY
country;
这样我们使用Select,完成对二维表的输出形式,充分显示了Case函数的强大。
三,在Check中使用Case函数。
在Check中使用Case函数在很多情况下都是非常不错的解决方法。可能有很多人根本就不用Check,那么我建议你在看过下面的例子之后也尝试一下在SQL中使用Check。
下面我们来举个例子
公司A,这个公司有个规定,女职员的工资必须高于1000块。如果用Check和Case来表现的话,如下所示
CONSTRAINT
check_salary
CHECK
(
CASE
WHEN
sex
=
'
2
'
THEN
CASE
WHEN
salary
>
1000
THEN
1
ELSE
0
END
ELSE
1
END
=
1
)
如果单纯使用Check,如下所示
CONSTRAINT
check_salary
CHECK
( sex
=
'
2
'
AND
salary
>
1000
)
女职员的条件倒是符合了,男职员就无法输入了。

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB

MySQL/InnoDB supports four transaction isolation levels: ReadUncommitted, ReadCommitted, RepeatableRead and Serializable. 1.ReadUncommitted allows reading of uncommitted data, which may cause dirty reading. 2. ReadCommitted avoids dirty reading, but non-repeatable reading may occur. 3.RepeatableRead is the default level, avoiding dirty reading and non-repeatable reading, but phantom reading may occur. 4. Serializable avoids all concurrency problems but reduces concurrency. Choosing the appropriate isolation level requires balancing data consistency and performance requirements.

MySQL is suitable for web applications and content management systems and is popular for its open source, high performance and ease of use. 1) Compared with PostgreSQL, MySQL performs better in simple queries and high concurrent read operations. 2) Compared with Oracle, MySQL is more popular among small and medium-sized enterprises because of its open source and low cost. 3) Compared with Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL is more suitable for cross-platform applications. 4) Unlike MongoDB, MySQL is more suitable for structured data and transaction processing.

MySQL index cardinality has a significant impact on query performance: 1. High cardinality index can more effectively narrow the data range and improve query efficiency; 2. Low cardinality index may lead to full table scanning and reduce query performance; 3. In joint index, high cardinality sequences should be placed in front to optimize query.

The MySQL learning path includes basic knowledge, core concepts, usage examples, and optimization techniques. 1) Understand basic concepts such as tables, rows, columns, and SQL queries. 2) Learn the definition, working principles and advantages of MySQL. 3) Master basic CRUD operations and advanced usage, such as indexes and stored procedures. 4) Familiar with common error debugging and performance optimization suggestions, such as rational use of indexes and optimization queries. Through these steps, you will have a full grasp of the use and optimization of MySQL.

MySQL's real-world applications include basic database design and complex query optimization. 1) Basic usage: used to store and manage user data, such as inserting, querying, updating and deleting user information. 2) Advanced usage: Handle complex business logic, such as order and inventory management of e-commerce platforms. 3) Performance optimization: Improve performance by rationally using indexes, partition tables and query caches.


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator
Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

Hot Tools

Dreamweaver Mac version
Visual web development tools

SublimeText3 English version
Recommended: Win version, supports code prompts!

Notepad++7.3.1
Easy-to-use and free code editor

Atom editor mac version download
The most popular open source editor

SAP NetWeaver Server Adapter for Eclipse
Integrate Eclipse with SAP NetWeaver application server.