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HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial转: SQLServer Case具有两种格式:简单Case函数和Case搜索函数

转载自: http://blog.csdn.net/IBM_hoojo/article/details/5546868 Case 具有 两种 格式 。 简单 Case 函数 和Case 搜索 函数 。 -- 简单 Case 函数 CASE sex WHEN ' 1 ' THEN ' 男 ' WHEN ' 2 ' THEN ' 女 ' ELSE ' 其他 ' END -- Case 搜索 函数 CASE WHE

转载自: http://blog.csdn.net/IBM_hoojo/article/details/5546868

Case具有两种格式简单Case函数和Case搜索函数。 
-- 简单Case函数
CASE  sex
         
WHEN   ' 1 '   THEN   ' '
         
WHEN   ' 2 '   THEN   ' '
ELSE   ' 其他 '   END
-- Case搜索函数
CASE   WHEN  sex  =   ' 1 '   THEN   ' '
         
WHEN  sex  =   ' 2 '   THEN   ' '
ELSE   ' 其他 '   END

这两种方式,可以实现相同的功能。简单Case函数的写法相对比较简洁,但是和Case搜索函数相比,功能方面会有些限制,比如写判断式。 
还有一个需要注意的问题,Case函数只返回第一个符合条件的值,剩下的Case部分将会被自动忽略。 
-- 比如说,下面这段SQL,你永远无法得到“第二类”这个结果
CASE   WHEN  col_1  IN  (  ' a ' ' b ' THEN   ' 第一类 '
         
WHEN  col_1  IN  ( ' a ' )        THEN   ' 第二类 '
ELSE ' 其他 '   END

下面我们来看一下,使用Case函数都能做些什么事情。 

一,已知数据按照另外一种方式进行分组,分析。 

有如下数据:(为了看得更清楚,我并没有使用国家代码,而是直接用国家名作为Primary 
Key
国家(country)    人口(population)
中国    
600
美国    
100
加拿大    
100
英国    
200
法国    
300
日本    
250
德国    
200
墨西哥    
50
印度    
250

根据这个国家人口数据,统计亚洲和北美洲的人口数量。应该得到下面这个结果。 
洲    人口
亚洲    
1100
北美洲    
250
其他    
700

想要解决这个问题,你会怎么做?生成一个带有洲Code的View,是一个解决方法,但是这样很难动态的改变统计的方式。 
如果使用Case函数,SQL代码如下: 
SELECT    SUM (population),
        
CASE  country
                
WHEN   ' 中国 '       THEN   ' 亚洲 '
                
WHEN   ' 印度 '       THEN   ' 亚洲 '
                
WHEN   ' 日本 '       THEN   ' 亚洲 '
                
WHEN   ' 美国 '       THEN   ' 北美洲 '
                
WHEN   ' 加拿大 '    THEN   ' 北美洲 '
                
WHEN   ' 墨西哥 '    THEN   ' 北美洲 '
        
ELSE   ' 其他 '   END
FROM     Table_A
GROUP   BY   CASE  country
                
WHEN   ' 中国 '       THEN   ' 亚洲 '
                
WHEN   ' 印度 '       THEN   ' 亚洲 '
                
WHEN   ' 日本 '       THEN   ' 亚洲 '
                
WHEN   ' 美国 '       THEN   ' 北美洲 '
                
WHEN   ' 加拿大 '    THEN   ' 北美洲 '
                
WHEN   ' 墨西哥 '    THEN   ' 北美洲 '
        
ELSE   ' 其他 '   END ;

同样的,我们也可以用这个方法来判断工资的等级,并统计每一等级的人数。SQL代码如下; 
SELECT
        
CASE   WHEN  salary    500   THEN   ' 1 '
             
WHEN  salary  >   500   AND  salary    600    THEN   ' 2 '
             
WHEN  salary  >   600   AND  salary    800    THEN   ' 3 '
             
WHEN  salary  >   800   AND  salary    1000   THEN   ' 4 '
        
ELSE   NULL   END  salary_class,
        
COUNT ( * )
FROM     Table_A
GROUP   BY
        
CASE   WHEN  salary    500   THEN   ' 1 '
             
WHEN  salary  >   500   AND  salary    600    THEN   ' 2 '
             
WHEN  salary  >   600   AND  salary    800    THEN   ' 3 '
             
WHEN  salary  >   800   AND  salary    1000   THEN   ' 4 '
        
ELSE   NULL   END ;

二,用一个SQL语句完成不同条件的分组。 

有如下数据 
国家(country)    性别(sex)    人口(population)
中国    
1      340
中国    
2      260
美国    
1      45
美国    
2      55
加拿大    
1      51
加拿大    
2      49
英国    
1      40
英国    
2      60

按照国家和性别进行分组,得出结果如下 
国家    男    女
中国    
340      260
美国    
45      55
加拿大    
51      49
英国    
40      60

普通情况下,用UNION也可以实现用一条语句进行查询。但是那样增加消耗(两个Select部分),而且SQL语句会比较长。 
下面是一个是用Case函数来完成这个功能的例子 
SELECT  country,
       
SUM CASE   WHEN  sex  =   ' 1 '   THEN  
                      population 
ELSE   0   END ),   -- 男性人口
        SUM CASE   WHEN  sex  =   ' 2 '   THEN  
                      population 
ELSE   0   END )    -- 女性人口
FROM   Table_A
GROUP   BY  country;

这样我们使用Select,完成对二维表的输出形式,充分显示了Case函数的强大。 

三,在Check中使用Case函数。 

在Check中使用Case函数在很多情况下都是非常不错的解决方法。可能有很多人根本就不用Check,那么我建议你在看过下面的例子之后也尝试一下在SQL中使用Check。 
下面我们来举个例子 
公司A,这个公司有个规定,女职员的工资必须高于1000块。如果用Check和Case来表现的话,如下所示 
CONSTRAINT  check_salary  CHECK
           ( 
CASE   WHEN  sex  =   ' 2 '
                  
THEN   CASE   WHEN  salary  >   1000
                        
THEN   1   ELSE   0   END
                  
ELSE   1   END   =   1  )

如果单纯使用Check,如下所示 
CONSTRAINT  check_salary  CHECK
           ( sex 
=   ' 2 '   AND  salary  >   1000  )

女职员的条件倒是符合了,男职员就无法输入了。 



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