1、返回与指定的字符对应的十进制数 select ascii(A) A,ascii(z) a,ascii(12) 一打,ascii( ) kg from dual; 2、返回与指定十进制对应的字符 select chr(65) A,chr(122) z from dual; 3、连接两个字符串 select concat(熊大,熊二) constr from dual;--熊大熊
1、返回与指定的字符对应的十进制数
select ascii('A') A,ascii('z') a,ascii('12') 一打,ascii(' ') kg from dual;
2、返回与指定十进制对应的字符
select chr(65) A,chr(122) z from dual;
3、连接两个字符串
select concat('熊大','熊二') constr from dual;--熊大熊二
4、将第一个字符变大写并返回字符串
select initcap('boat') upperfirst from dual;--Boat
5、将所有字符变成大写并返回字符串
select upper('boat') upperall from dual t;--BOAT
6、将所有字符变成小写并返回字符串
select lower('BoaT') lowerall from dual;--boat
7、INSTR(str1, str2, a,b)函数
用法:得到在str1中包含str2的位置。
从左边开始检查,开始的位置为a,如果a是一个负数,那么是从右边开始进行扫描的,第b次出现的位置将被返回。
a和b都缺省设置为1,这将会返回在str1中第一次出现str2的位置
select instr('zheshigeceshi','sh',-2,1) str from dual;--11 select instr('zheshigeceshi','sh',1,2) str from dual;--11
8、获取字符串长度
select length('boat') len from dual;--4
9、lpad(str,n,[pad_string])函数
参数str:可以是字符或者参数
参数n:是返回的字符串的长度,如果这个数量比原字符串的长度要短,lpad函数将会把字符串截取成从左到右的n个字符;
参数pad_string:是个可选参数,这个字符串是要粘贴到string的左边的字符串,如果这个参数未写,lpad函数将会在string的左边粘贴空格。
select rpad('boat',10,'*') from dual t;--boat****** select lpad('boat',10,'*') from dual t;--******boat
10、ltrim(x,y) 函数
用法:按照y中的字符一个一个截掉x中的字符,并且是从左边开始执行的
只要遇到y中有的字符, x中的字符都会被截掉,直到在x的字符中遇到y中没有的字符为止函数命令才结束,rtrim(y,x)同理
select ltrim('boat','bo') from dual;--at select ltrim('booooobbbbobat','bo') from dual t;--at select rtrim('boat','at') from dual;--bo select rtrim('boaaaaaaaaatttttttaat','at') from dual;--bo
11、substr(string str, int a, int b)函数
参数1:str 要处理的字符串
参数2:a 截取字符串的开始位置(起始位置是0),为负值时表示从尾部开始算起
参数3:b 截取的字符串的长度,如果b超出要处理的字符串的长度,并不会影响返回结果,系统按要处理字符串最大长度返回
如果不用b,则取从a开始的剩余所有字符串
select substr('boatisgood',3,100) subs from dual;--atisgood select substr('boatisgood',3) subs from dual;--atisgood select substr('boatisgood',-3) subs from dual;--ood
12、替换函数
select replace('nba hupu 步行街怎么没有了','步行街','BXJ') from dual;--nba hupu BXJ怎么没有了

ACID attributes include atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, and are the cornerstone of database design. 1. Atomicity ensures that the transaction is either completely successful or completely failed. 2. Consistency ensures that the database remains consistent before and after a transaction. 3. Isolation ensures that transactions do not interfere with each other. 4. Persistence ensures that data is permanently saved after transaction submission.

MySQL is not only a database management system (DBMS) but also closely related to programming languages. 1) As a DBMS, MySQL is used to store, organize and retrieve data, and optimizing indexes can improve query performance. 2) Combining SQL with programming languages, embedded in Python, using ORM tools such as SQLAlchemy can simplify operations. 3) Performance optimization includes indexing, querying, caching, library and table division and transaction management.

MySQL uses SQL commands to manage data. 1. Basic commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN, subquery and aggregate functions. 3. Common errors include syntax, logic and performance issues. 4. Optimization tips include using indexes, avoiding SELECT* and using LIMIT.

MySQL is an efficient relational database management system suitable for storing and managing data. Its advantages include high-performance queries, flexible transaction processing and rich data types. In practical applications, MySQL is often used in e-commerce platforms, social networks and content management systems, but attention should be paid to performance optimization, data security and scalability.

The relationship between SQL and MySQL is the relationship between standard languages and specific implementations. 1.SQL is a standard language used to manage and operate relational databases, allowing data addition, deletion, modification and query. 2.MySQL is a specific database management system that uses SQL as its operating language and provides efficient data storage and management.

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB


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