在运用CAS做Lock-Free操作中有一个经典的ABA问题: 线程1准备用CAS将变量的由A替换为B,在此之前,线程2将变量的由A替换为C,又由C替换为A,然后线程1执行CAS时发现变量的仍然为A,所以CAS成功。但实际上这时的现场已经和最初不同了,尽管CAS成功,但可能存
在运用CAS做Lock-Free操作中有一个经典的ABA问题:
线程1准备用CAS将变量的值由A替换为B,在此之前,线程2将变量的值由A替换为C,又由C替换为A,然后线程1执行CAS时发现变量的值仍然为A,所以CAS成功。但实际上这时的现场已经和最初不同了,尽管CAS成功,但可能存在潜藏的问题,例如下面的例子:
现有一个用单向链表实现的堆栈,栈顶为A,这时线程T1已经知道A.next为B,然后希望用CAS将栈顶替换为B:
head.compareAndSet(A,B);
在T1执行上面这条指令之前,线程T2介入,将A、B出栈,再pushD、C、A,此时堆栈结构如下图,而对象B此时处于游离状态:
此时轮到线程T1执行CAS操作,检测发现栈顶仍为A,所以CAS成功,栈顶变为B,但实际上B.next为null,所以此时的情况变为:
其中堆栈中只有B一个元素,C和D组成的链表不再存在于堆栈中,平白无故就把C、D丢掉了。
以上就是由于ABA问题带来的隐患,各种乐观锁的实现中通常都会用版本戳version来对记录或对象标记,避免并发操作带来的问题,在Java中,AtomicStampedReference
public class Test { private static AtomicInteger atomicInt = new AtomicInteger(100); private static AtomicStampedReference atomicStampedRef = new AtomicStampedReference( 100, 0); public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Thread intT1 = new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { atomicInt.compareAndSet(100, 101); atomicInt.compareAndSet(101, 100); } }); Thread intT2 = new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } boolean c3 = atomicInt.compareAndSet(100, 101); System.out.println(c3); // true } }); intT1.start(); intT2.start(); intT1.join(); intT2.join(); Thread refT1 = new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } atomicStampedRef.compareAndSet(100, 101, atomicStampedRef.getStamp(), atomicStampedRef.getStamp() + 1); atomicStampedRef.compareAndSet(101, 100, atomicStampedRef.getStamp(), atomicStampedRef.getStamp() + 1); } }); Thread refT2 = new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { int stamp = atomicStampedRef.getStamp(); try { TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(2); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } boolean c3 = atomicStampedRef.compareAndSet(100, 101, stamp, stamp + 1); System.out.println(c3); // false } }); refT1.start(); refT2.start(); } }

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