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数据库事物乐观锁和悲观锁 数据库事物单个逻辑单元工作执行的一系列操作,就是一些sql语句,也可以是多条,一个update操作就是一个事物。 事物具有四种特性 1.原子性 事物必须是原子工作单元,要么都执行成功(也就是说所有的sql语句都执行成功),要么都不


数据库事物乐观锁和悲观锁

 

数据库事物单个逻辑单元工作执行的一系列操作,就是一些sql语句,也可以是多条,一个update操作就是一个事物。 

事物具有四种特性 

1.原子性 

   事物必须是原子工作单元,要么都执行成功(也就是说所有的sql语句都执行成功),要么都不执行(所有的sql语句都不执行)。 

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2. 一致性 

  事务在完成时,必须使所有的数据都保持一致状态。 

3.隔离性 

  允许多个用户对数据进行并发访问,而不破环数据的完整行和正确性,同时,并发事物的修改必须与其他并发事物隔离,一般是通过加锁实现。  

4.持久性 

  事物完成后,数据必须永久的保存到数据库中。 

 

事物并发访问如果不设置事物的隔离级别,就会带来如下问题 

1.脏读 读取了其他事物未提交的数据,一个事物修改了某条数据还未提交,一个事物读取了这条数据,而修改的事物由于某种原因失败会滚了,这个时候读取事物就读到了脏数据。 

2.不可重复读 

   一个事物两次读取某条数据,但读取的结果不一样,在第二次读取的时候其他实物修改了这条数据。 

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3.幻读 

  一个事物两次读取,读取到了其他事物插入到数据中的数据。 

针对以上情况,数据库提供了四种事物的隔离级别来解决事物并发带来的问题。 

1.读未提交(read uncommited) 

  写事物会阻塞写事物,但不会阻塞读取事物,因此不能解决读取脏数据,读取事物不会阻塞其他事物,这中隔离级别不能解决上面任何问题。 

2 读已经提交(read commited) 

  写事物会阻塞写事物和读取事物,因此可以避免读取脏数据,但读取事物不会阻塞写事物,不能解决可重复度去的问题。 

 

3 可重复读(Repeatable read) 

  读事物会阻塞写事物和读事物,因此可以重复读,但其他事物可以进行插入操作,不能解决幻读的问题。 

4 序列化(Serializable) 

   事物必须一个一个的执行 ,可以解决上面的问题,但事物基本没有并发性。 

事物的并发控制 

当多个人并发修改同一条数据时,必须实现一个控制系统,使一个人的修改不会对其他人的修改造成负面影响。 

乐观锁和悲观锁控制并发 

1.乐观锁 

  乐观的认为其他用户企图访问和更改你正在访问的对象的概率很低,即使有,大不了从来一次,对在做一次的开销不是很大的情况下,如果开销很大则必须使用悲观锁.乐观锁的实现需要在程序中控制,可以通过加一个数据版本号来控制比如两个事物都读取了同一条记录要进行更新 

 

Sql代码  

select *  from person   

select *  from person  

update person set name='xiaoming',version=version+1 where id='1'  

and version=0;    

这个更新语句会执行失败,因为找不到版本好为0的数据,第一个事物已经更新了   

pdate person set name='xiaoming',version=version+1 where id='1'  

and version=0;  

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如果实物的隔离级别设置为读已提交,使用乐观锁并能解决可重复度,系统要允许不可重复读取。 

悲观锁 

很悲观的认为其他用户访问和更改你正在访问或修改的对象的概率和高,悲观锁的实现是通过加锁来实现的,当要更改数据前就加锁,别的事物不能操作,sql语句如下 

Sql代码  

select * from person for update  

update person set name='ff' where id='1'  

 

直到上面事物提交,才能释放锁,其他事物才能操作。悲观锁的并发性会降低。因此大多数情况下,使用乐观锁来实现并发修改。 

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