Traits

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自 PHP 5.4.0 起，PHP 实现了代码复用的一个方法，称为 traits。

Traits 是一种为类似 PHP 的单继承语言而准备的代码复用机制。Trait 为了减少单继承语言的限制，使开发人员能够自由地在不同层次结构内独立的类中复用方法集。Traits 和类组合的语义是定义了一种方式来减少复杂性，避免传统多继承和混入类（Mixin）相关的典型问题。

Trait 和一个类相似，但仅仅旨在用细粒度和一致的方式来组合功能。Trait 不能通过它自身来实例化。它为传统继承增加了水平特性的组合；也就是说，应用类的成员不需要继承。

Example #1 Trait 示例

  <?php
 trait  ezcReflectionReturnInfo  {
    function  getReturnType () {    }
    function  getReturnDescription () {    }
}

class  ezcReflectionMethod  extends  ReflectionMethod  {
    use  ezcReflectionReturnInfo ;
     
 }

class  ezcReflectionFunction  extends  ReflectionFunction  {
    use  ezcReflectionReturnInfo ;
     
 }
 ?>

优先级

从基类继承的成员被 trait 插入的成员所覆盖。优先顺序是来自当前类的成员覆盖了 trait 的方法，而 trait 则覆盖了被继承的方法。

Example #2 优先顺序示例

从基类继承的成员被插入的 SayWorld Trait 中的 MyHelloWorld 方法所覆盖。其行为 MyHelloWorld 类中定义的方法一致。优先顺序是当前类中的方法会覆盖 trait 方法，而 trait 方法又覆盖了基类中的方法。

  <?php
 class  Base  {
    public function  sayHello () {
        echo  'Hello ' ;
    }
}

trait  SayWorld  {
    public function  sayHello () {
         parent :: sayHello ();
        echo  'World!' ;
    }
}

class  MyHelloWorld  extends  Base  {
    use  SayWorld ;
}

 $o  = new  MyHelloWorld ();
 $o -> sayHello ();
 ?>

以上例程会输出：

Hello World!

Example #3 另一个优先级顺序的例子

  <?php
 trait  HelloWorld  {
    public function  sayHello () {
        echo  'Hello World!' ;
    }
}

class  TheWorldIsNotEnough  {
    use  HelloWorld ;
    public function  sayHello () {
        echo  'Hello Universe!' ;
    }
}

 $o  = new  TheWorldIsNotEnough ();
 $o -> sayHello ();
 ?>

以上例程会输出：

Hello Universe!

多个 trait

通过逗号分隔，在 use 声明列出多个 trait，可以都插入到一个类中。

Example #4 多个 trait 的用法

  <?php
 trait  Hello  {
    public function  sayHello () {
        echo  'Hello ' ;
    }
}

trait  World  {
    public function  sayWorld () {
        echo  'World' ;
    }
}

class  MyHelloWorld  {
    use  Hello ,  World ;
    public function  sayExclamationMark () {
        echo  '!' ;
    }
}

 $o  = new  MyHelloWorld ();
 $o -> sayHello ();
 $o -> sayWorld ();
 $o -> sayExclamationMark ();
 ?>

以上例程会输出：

Hello World!

冲突的解决

如果两个 trait 都插入了一个同名的方法，如果没有明确解决冲突将会产生一个致命错误。

为了解决多个 trait 在同一个类中的命名冲突，需要使用 insteadof 操作符来明确指定使用冲突方法中的哪一个。

以上方式仅允许排除掉其它方法，as 操作符可以将其中一个冲突的方法以另一个名称来引入。

Example #5 冲突的解决

在本例中 Talker 使用了 trait A 和 B。由于 A 和 B 有冲突的方法，其定义了使用 trait B 中的 smallTalk 以及 trait A 中的 bigTalk。

Aliased_Talker 使用了 as 操作符来定义了 talk 来作为 B 的 bigTalk 的别名。

  <?php
 trait  A  {
    public function  smallTalk () {
        echo  'a' ;
    }
    public function  bigTalk () {
        echo  'A' ;
    }
}

trait  B  {
    public function  smallTalk () {
        echo  'b' ;
    }
    public function  bigTalk () {
        echo  'B' ;
    }
}

class  Talker  {
    use  A ,  B  {
         B :: smallTalk  insteadof  A ;
         A :: bigTalk  insteadof  B ;
    }
}

class  Aliased_Talker  {
    use  A ,  B  {
         B :: smallTalk  insteadof  A ;
         A :: bigTalk  insteadof  B ;
         B :: bigTalk  as  talk ;
    }
}
 ?>

修改方法的访问控制

使用 as 语法还可以用来调整方法的访问控制。

Example #6 修改方法的访问控制

  <?php
 trait  HelloWorld  {
    public function  sayHello () {
        echo  'Hello World!' ;
    }
}

 // 修改 sayHello 的访问控制
 class  MyClass1  {
    use  HelloWorld  {  sayHello  as protected; }
}

 // 给方法一个改变了访问控制的别名
// 原版 sayHello 的访问控制则没有发生变化
 class  MyClass2  {
    use  HelloWorld  {  sayHello  as private  myPrivateHello ; }
}
 ?>

从 trait 来组成 trait

正如类能够使用 trait 一样，其它 trait 也能够使用 trait。在 trait 定义时通过使用一个或多个 trait，它能够组合其它 trait 中的部分或全部成员。

Example #7 从 trait 来组成 trait

  <?php
 trait  Hello  {
    public function  sayHello () {
        echo  'Hello ' ;
    }
}

trait  World  {
    public function  sayWorld () {
        echo  'World!' ;
    }
}

trait  HelloWorld  {
    use  Hello ,  World ;
}

class  MyHelloWorld  {
    use  HelloWorld ;
}

 $o  = new  MyHelloWorld ();
 $o -> sayHello ();
 $o -> sayWorld ();
 ?>

以上例程会输出：

Hello World!

Trait 的抽象成员

为了对使用的类施加强制要求，trait 支持抽象方法的使用。

Example #8 表示通过抽象方法来进行强制要求

  <?php
 trait  Hello  {
    public function  sayHelloWorld () {
        echo  'Hello' . $this -> getWorld ();
    }
    abstract public function  getWorld ();
}

class  MyHelloWorld  {
    private  $world ;
    use  Hello ;
    public function  getWorld () {
        return  $this -> world ;
    }
    public function  setWorld ( $val ) {
         $this -> world  =  $val ;
    }
}
 ?>

Trait 的静态成员

Traits 可以被静态成员静态方法定义。

Example #9 静态变量

  <?php
 trait  Counter  {
    public function  inc () {
        static  $c  =  0 ;
         $c  =  $c  +  1 ;
        echo  " $c \n" ;
    }
}

class  C1  {
    use  Counter ;
}

class  C2  {
    use  Counter ;
}

 $o  = new  C1 ();  $o -> inc ();  // echo 1
 $p  = new  C2 ();  $p -> inc ();  // echo 1
 ?>

Example #10 静态方法

  <?php
 trait  StaticExample  {
    public static function  doSomething () {
        return  'Doing something' ;
    }
}

class  Example  {
    use  StaticExample ;
}

 Example :: doSomething ();
 ?>

属性

Trait 同样可以定义属性。

Example #11 定义属性

  <?php
 trait  PropertiesTrait  {
    public  $x  =  1 ;
}

class  PropertiesExample  {
    use  PropertiesTrait ;
}

 $example  = new  PropertiesExample ;
 $example -> x ;
 ?>

如果 trait 定义了一个属性，那类将不能定义同样名称的属性，否则会产生一个错误。如果该属性在类中的定义与在 trait 中的定义兼容（同样的可见性和初始值）则错误的级别是 E_STRICT ，否则是一个致命错误。

Example #12 解决冲突

  <?php
 trait  PropertiesTrait  {
    public  $same  =  true ;
    public  $different  =  false ;
}

class  PropertiesExample  {
    use  PropertiesTrait ;
    public  $same  =  true ;  // Strict Standards
     public  $different  =  true ;  // 致命错误
 }
 ?>

用户评论:

[#1] Vasyl Sovyak [2015-11-27 13:05:54]

<?php
trait A
{
    public function bar()
    {
        echo 'A::bar';
    }
}

trait B
{
    public function bar()
    {
        echo 'B::bar';
    }
}

trait C
{
    public function bar()
    {
        echo 'C::bar';
    }
}

class Foo
{
    use A, B, C {
        C::bar insteadof A, B;
    }
}

$foo = new Foo();
$foo->bar(); //C::bar

[#2] heli [2015-11-16 07:25:37]

class first_class
   {
     // Using the Trait Here
     use first_trait;
   }

   $obj = new first_class();

   // Executing the method from trait
   $obj->first_method(); // valid
   $obj->second_method(); // valid

[#3] Osiris RD [2015-09-27 04:12:45]

Aqui un error que no esta escrito en la documentacion, y es que no es posible crear un TRAIT con el nombre de una clase existente por ejemplo.

trait samara{

}

class samara{
use samara; // fatal error redeclare class samara
}

[#4] Osiris RD [2015-09-20 21:28:48]

Los trait no puedes contener el mismo nombre que una clase y esto no esta en la documentacion :/

trait BaseClass {
    public function testMethod() {
        echo "Class: " . __CLASS__ . "<br />";
        echo "Trait: " . __TRAIT__ . "<br />";
    }
}

class BaseClass {
    use BaseClass;
}

$t = new BaseClass();
$t->testMethod();

[#5] vijit at mail dot ru [2015-09-08 04:04:48]

Example #9 "Static Variables" is useless. Variable $c in function will be static anyway, this is provided by scope of function. And the result will be the same without directive "static".

[#6] Nanhe Kumar [2015-04-13 19:07:02]

<?php //Precedence Order Example with base class trait T { public function foo() { echo "T"; } } class A { public function foo() { echo "A"; } } class B extends A { use T; } $o = new B(); $o->foo(); //Prints : T ?>

[#7] qeremy (!) gmail [2015-03-19 10:48:26]

Keep in mind; "final" keyword is useless in traits when directly using them, unlike extending classes / abstract classes.

<?php trait Foo { final public function hello($s) { print "$s, hello!"; } } class Bar { use Foo; // Overwrite, no error final public function hello($s) { print "hello, $s!"; } } abstract class Foo { final public function hello($s) { print "$s, hello!"; } } class Bar extends Foo { // Fatal error: Cannot override final method Foo::hello() in .. final public function hello($s) { print "hello, $s!"; } } ?>

But this way will finalize trait methods as expected;

<?php trait FooTrait { final public function hello($s) { print "$s, hello!"; } } abstract class Foo { use FooTrait; } class Bar extends Foo { // Fatal error: Cannot override final method Foo::hello() in .. final public function hello($s) { print "hello, $s!"; } } ?>

[#8] 84td84 at gmail dot com [2015-03-17 01:46:23]

A note to 'Beispiel #9 Statische Variablen'. A trait can also have a static property:

trait Counter {
    static $trvar=1;

    public static function stfunc() {
        echo "Hello world!"
    }
}

class C1 {
    use Counter;
}

print "\nTRVAR: " . C1::$trvar . "\n";   //prints 1

$obj = new C1();
C1::stfunc();   //prints  Hello world!
$obj->stfunc();   //prints Hello world!

A static property (trvar) can only be accessed using the classname (C1).
But a static function (stfunc) can be accessed using the classname or the instance ($obj).

[#9] aram dot petrosyan dot 88 at gmail dot com [2015-02-06 04:34:45]

It's possible to define abstract function in a trait as static and implement non-static version of the function , and it will works. Like this

trait B
{
    public function smallTalk()
    {
        echo 'b';
    }
    public function bigTalk()
    {
        echo 'B';
    }
    abstract public function talk();
}

class traitTest
{
    use B;

    public static function talk()
    {
        echo 111;
    }
}

Also, it's possible to define abstract non static , and implement static version.

Can't understand , is this a bug or it's a feature :)

[#10] angel dot ayora at gmail dot com [2014-10-13 14:28:04]

The traits can be used if are inherited from a parent class, but the trait still belong to parent class:

<?php trait Singleton { private static $instance = null; public static function singleton() { if( self::$instance == null ) { self::$instance = new self(); } return self::$instance; } } class A { use Singleton; private function __construct(){} } class B extends A { private function __construct(){} } $b = B::singleton(); echo get_class($b); //Output: A ?>

[#11] ryan dot yoosefi at gmail dot com [2014-09-28 01:34:15]

Visibility in traits is not shared between trait users.

<?php trait T { protected $secret = 1; } class X { use T; public function peek ( Y $y ) { echo $y->secret; } } class Y { use T; } (new X)->peek(new Y); // Fatal: Cannot access protected property Y::$secret ?>

This is as expected when thinking of traits as language assisted copy-paste.

[#12] Kristof [2014-05-30 11:18:45]

don't forget you can create complex (embedded) traits as well

<?php trait Name { // ... } trait Address { // ... } trait Telephone { // ... } trait Contact { use Name, Address, Telephone; } class Customer { use Contact; } class Invoce { use Contact; } ?>

[#13] qschuler at neosyne dot com [2014-02-14 08:31:19]

Note that you can omit a method's inclusion by excluding it from one trait in favor of the other and doing the exact same thing in the reverse way.

<?php trait A { public function sayHello() { echo 'Hello from A'; } public function sayWorld() { echo 'World from A'; } } trait B { public function sayHello() { echo 'Hello from B'; } public function sayWorld() { echo 'World from B'; } } class Talker { use A, B { A::sayHello insteadof B; A::sayWorld insteadof B; B::sayWorld insteadof A; } } $talker = new Talker(); $talker->sayHello(); $talker->sayWorld(); ?>

The method sayHello is imported, but the method sayWorld is simply excluded.

[#14] tomasz at marcinkowski dot pl [2014-02-09 23:05:28]

Unlike the __CLASS__ constant, which returns name of a class implementing a trait, the __METHOD__ constant returns the trait method name. You might find it useful.

Example:

<?php namespace XXX; trait Ta { public function test1() { return sprintf('class: %s, method: %s, trait: %s', __CLASS__, __METHOD__, __TRAIT__); } } class A { use Ta; } $a = new A(); var_dump($a->test1()); // class: XXX\A, method: XXX\Ta::test1, trait: XXX\Ta ?>

[#15] atorich at gmail dot com [2013-10-29 13:56:49]

add to "chris dot rutledge at gmail dot com":
__CLASS__ will return the name of the class in which the trait is being used (!) not the class in which trait method is being called:

<?php
trait TestTrait {
    public function testMethod() {
        echo "Class: " . __CLASS__ . PHP_EOL;
        echo "Trait: " . __TRAIT__ . PHP_EOL;
    }
}

class BaseClass {
    use TestTrait;
}

class TestClass extends BaseClass {

}

$t = new TestClass();
$t->testMethod();

//Class: BaseClass
//Trait: TestTrait

[#16] Stefan W [2013-08-22 10:03:20]

Note that the "use" operator for traits (inside a class) and the "use" operator for namespaces (outside the class) resolve names differently. "use" for namespaces always sees its arguments as absolute (starting at the global namespace):

<?php namespace Foo\Bar; use Foo\Test; // means \Foo\Test - the initial \ is optional ?>

On the other hand, "use" for traits respects the current namespace:

<?php namespace Foo\Bar; class SomeClass { use Foo\Test; // means \Foo\Bar\Foo\Test } ?>

Together with "use" for closures, there are now three different "use" operators. They all mean different things and behave differently.

[#17] contato at williamsantana dot com dot br [2013-07-22 15:26:18]

Please note that a trait cannot extend a class. Traits can only contain another traits by using 'use' keyword. Things like

<?php trait DetailedException extends Exception {} ?>

will not work. Be careful.

Cheers.

[#18] Oddant [2013-05-29 15:10:12]

I think it's obvious to notice that using 'use' followed by the traits name must be seen as just copying/pasting lines of code into the place where they are used.

[#19] Serafim [2013-01-26 20:38:48]

Another useful property of traits:
<?php namespace Traits; trait Properties{ public function __get($var){ $var = '_' . $var; $getter = '_get' . $var; if(method_exists($this, $getter)){ try{ $val = $this->$getter(); }catch(\Exception $e){ throw new \Exception($e); } return $val; } throw new \Exception('Can not get property: ' . $var . ', method ' . $getter . ' not exists'); } public function __set($var, $val){ $var = '_' . $var; $setter = '_set' . $var; if(method_exists($this->$setter) && isset($this->$var)){ try{ $setval = $this->$setter($val); }catch(\Exception $e){ throw new \Exception($e); } $this->$var = ($setval === NULL) ? $this->$var : $setval; }else{ throw new \Exception('Can not set property: ' . $var . ', method ' . $setter . ' not exists'); } } } class Some{ use \Chidori\Traits\Properties; // Magic begin protected $_var = 42; protected function _get_var(){ return $this->_var; } protected function _set_var($val){ return NULL; } } $s = new Some(); $s->var = 23; \\ set value echo $s->var; \\ return 42? where is my 23? =) ?>

[#20] D. Marti [2012-11-01 15:25:03]

Traits are useful for strategies, when you want the same data to be handled (filtered, sorted, etc) differently.

For example, you have a list of products that you want to filter out based on some criteria (brands, specs, whatever), or sorted by different means (price, label, whatever). You can create a sorting trait that contains different functions for different sorting types (numeric, string, date, etc). You can then use this trait not only in your product class (as given in the example), but also in other classes that need similar strategies (to apply a numeric sort to some data, etc).

<?php trait SortStrategy { private $sort_field = null; private function string_asc($item1, $item2) { return strnatcmp($item1[$this->sort_field], $item2[$this->sort_field]); } private function string_desc($item1, $item2) { return strnatcmp($item2[$this->sort_field], $item1[$this->sort_field]); } private function num_asc($item1, $item2) { if ($item1[$this->sort_field] == $item2[$this->sort_field]) return 0; return ($item1[$this->sort_field] < $item2[$this->sort_field] ? -1 : 1 ); } private function num_desc($item1, $item2) { if ($item1[$this->sort_field] == $item2[$this->sort_field]) return 0; return ($item1[$this->sort_field] > $item2[$this->sort_field] ? -1 : 1 ); } private function date_asc($item1, $item2) { $date1 = intval(str_replace('-', '', $item1[$this->sort_field])); $date2 = intval(str_replace('-', '', $item2[$this->sort_field])); if ($date1 == $date2) return 0; return ($date1 < $date2 ? -1 : 1 ); } private function date_desc($item1, $item2) { $date1 = intval(str_replace('-', '', $item1[$this->sort_field])); $date2 = intval(str_replace('-', '', $item2[$this->sort_field])); if ($date1 == $date2) return 0; return ($date1 > $date2 ? -1 : 1 ); } } class Product { public $data = array(); use SortStrategy; public function get() { // do something to get the data, for this ex. I just included an array $this->data = array( 101222 => array('label' => 'Awesome product', 'price' => 10.50, 'date_added' => '2012-02-01'), 101232 => array('label' => 'Not so awesome product', 'price' => 5.20, 'date_added' => '2012-03-20'), 101241 => array('label' => 'Pretty neat product', 'price' => 9.65, 'date_added' => '2012-04-15'), 101256 => array('label' => 'Freakishly cool product', 'price' => 12.55, 'date_added' => '2012-01-11'), 101219 => array('label' => 'Meh product', 'price' => 3.69, 'date_added' => '2012-06-11'), ); } public function sort_by($by = 'price', $type = 'asc') { if (!preg_match('/^(asc|desc)$/', $type)) $type = 'asc'; switch ($by) { case 'name': $this->sort_field = 'label'; uasort($this->data, array('Product', 'string_'.$type)); break; case 'date': $this->sort_field = 'date_added'; uasort($this->data, array('Product', 'date_'.$type)); break; default: $this->sort_field = 'price'; uasort($this->data, array('Product', 'num_'.$type)); } } } $product = new Product(); $product->get(); $product->sort_by('name'); echo '<pre>'.print_r($product->data, true).'</pre>'; ?>

[#21] artur at webprojektant dot pl [2012-09-28 18:10:56]

Trait can not have the same name as class because it will show: Fatal error: Cannot redeclare class

[#22] t8 at AT pobox dot com [2012-07-23 20:17:13]

Another difference with traits vs inheritance is that methods defined in traits can access methods and properties of the class they're used in, including private ones.

For example:
<?php trait MyTrait { protected function accessVar() { return $this->var; } } class TraitUser { use MyTrait; private $var = 'var'; public function getVar() { return $this->accessVar(); } } $t = new TraitUser(); echo $t->getVar(); // -> 'var' ?>

[#23] karolis at iwsolutions dot ie [2012-07-18 09:16:38]

Not very obvious but trait methods can be called as if they were defined as static methods in a regular class

<?php trait Foo { function bar() { return 'baz'; } } echo Foo::bar(),"\\n"; ?>

[#24] ryanhanekamp at yahoo dot com [2012-05-10 00:14:34]

Using AS on a __construct method (and maybe other magic methods) is really, really bad. The problem is that is doesn't throw any errors, at least in 5.4.0. It just sporadically resets the connection. And when I say "sporadically," I mean that arbitrary changes in the preceding code can cause the browser connection to reset or not reset *consistently*, so that subsequent page refreshes will continue to hang, crash, or display perfectly in the same fashion as the first load of the page after a change in the preceding code, but the slightest change in the code can change this state. (I believe it is related to precise memory usage.)

I've spent a good part of the day chasing down this one, and weeping every time commenting or even moving a completely arbitrary section of code would cause the connection to reset. It was just by luck that I decided to comment the

"__construct as primitiveObjectConstruct"

line and then the crashes went away entirely.

My parent trait constructor was very simple, so my fix this time was to copy the functionality into the child __construct. I'm not sure how I'll approach a more complicated parent trait constructor.

[#25] ryan at derokorian dot com [2012-04-15 02:03:15]

Simple singleton trait.

<?php

trait singleton {

//private function __construct() {}

public static function getInstance() {
static $_instance = NULL;
$class = __CLASS__;
return $_instance ?: $_instance = new $class;
}

public function __clone() {
trigger_error('Cloning '.__CLASS__.' is not allowed.',E_USER_ERROR);
}

public function __wakeup() {
trigger_error('Unserializing '.__CLASS__.' is not allowed.',E_USER_ERROR);
}
}

class foo {
use singleton;

private function __construct() {
$this->name = 'foo';
}
}

class bar {
use singleton;

private function __construct() {
$this->name = 'bar';
}
}

$foo = foo::getInstance();
echo $foo->name;

$bar = bar::getInstance();
echo $bar->name;

[#26] Anonymous [2012-03-27 21:30:52]

Traits can not implement interfaces.
(should be obvious, but tested is tested)

[#27] Safak Ozpinar / safakozpinar at gmail [2012-03-18 03:03:12]

Unlike inheritance; if a trait has static properties, each class using that trait has independent instances of those properties.

Example using parent class:
<?php class TestClass { public static $_bar; } class Foo1 extends TestClass { } class Foo2 extends TestClass { } Foo1::$_bar = 'Hello'; Foo2::$_bar = 'World'; echo Foo1::$_bar . ' ' . Foo2::$_bar; // Prints: World World ?>

Example using trait:
<?php trait TestTrait { public static $_bar; } class Foo1 { use TestTrait; } class Foo2 { use TestTrait; } Foo1::$_bar = 'Hello'; Foo2::$_bar = 'World'; echo Foo1::$_bar . ' ' . Foo2::$_bar; // Prints: Hello World ?>

[#28] Jason dot Hofer dot deletify dot this dot part at gmail dot com [2012-03-14 16:39:59]

A (somewhat) practical example of trait usage.

Without traits:

<?php class Controller { } class AdminController extends Controller { } class CrudController extends Controller { } class AdminCrudController extends CrudController { } ?>

With traits:

<?php class Controller { } class AdminController extends Controller { } trait CrudControllerTrait { } class AdminCrudController extends AdminController { use CrudControllerTrait; } ?>

[#29] anthony bishopric [2012-03-03 00:11:50]

The magic method __call works as expected using traits.

<?php
trait Call_Helper{

public function __call($name, $args){
return count($args);
}
}

class Foo{
use Call_Helper;
}

$foo = new Foo();
echo $foo->go(1,2,3,4); // echoes 4

[#30] Edward [2012-03-01 03:29:04]

The difference between Traits and multiple inheritance is in the inheritance part. A trait is not inherited from, but rather included or mixed-in, thus becoming part of "this class". Traits also provide a more controlled means of resolving conflicts that inevitably arise when using multiple inheritance in the few languages that support them (C++). Most modern languages are going the approach of a "traits" or "mixin" style system as opposed to multiple-inheritance, largely due to the ability to control ambiguities if a method is declared in multiple "mixed-in" classes.

Also, one can not "inherit" static member functions in multiple-inheritance.

[#31] greywire at gmail dot com [2012-02-16 19:12:22]

The best way to understand what traits are and how to use them is to look at them for what they essentially are: language assisted copy and paste.

If you can copy and paste the code from one class to another (and we've all done this, even though we try not to because its code duplication) then you have a candidate for a trait.

[#32] chris dot rutledge at gmail dot com [2011-12-21 00:42:38]

It may be worth noting here that the magic constant __CLASS__ becomes even more magical - __CLASS__ will return the name of the class in which the trait is being used.

for example

<?php trait sayWhere { public function whereAmI() { echo __CLASS__; } } class Hello { use sayWHere; } class World { use sayWHere; } $a = new Hello; $a->whereAmI(); //Hello $b = new World; $b->whereAmI(); //World ?>

The magic constant __TRAIT__ will giev you the name of the trait