Verwenden Sie expvar, um Metriken für die Ausführung von Go-Programmen verfügbar zu machen

Das Abrufen der laufenden Kennzahlen einer Anwendung gibt uns eine bessere Vorstellung davon, wie sie tatsächlich funktioniert. Durch die Anbindung dieser Indikatoren an Überwachungssysteme wie Prometheus und Zabbix können Anwendungen kontinuierlich erkannt und Auffälligkeiten zeitnah gewarnt und behoben werden.

Pull und Push

Es gibt zwei Möglichkeiten, mit dem Überwachungssystem zu kommunizieren: Pull und Push.

Nehmen Sie Prometheus als Beispiel. Die Anwendung stellt die HTTP-Schnittstelle bereit und ermöglicht es Prometheus, regelmäßig Indikatoren über die Schnittstelle zu erfassen. Bei Push sendet die Anwendung aktiv Indikatoren an PushGateway, und Prometheus geht an PushGateway, um Daten zu erfassen.

In der Go-Standardbibliothek gibt es ein Paket namens expvar. Sein Name ist eine Kombination aus exp und var, was Variablen exportieren bedeutet.

expvar bietet eine standardisierte Schnittstelle für öffentliche Variablen und stellt diese Variablen im Json-Format über HTTP bereit, was sich sehr gut für die Verbindung mit dem Überwachungssystem über Pull eignet.

Expvar-Bibliothek verwenden

expvar ist eine Standardbibliothek, was bedeutet, dass wir keine zusätzlichen Abhängigkeiten benötigen und außerdem einige Indikatoren sofort bereitstellen. Lassen Sie uns lernen, wie Sie diese Bibliothek verwenden.

Wenn auf die expvar-Bibliothek verwiesen wird (<code style="font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word;padding: 2px 4px;border-radius: 4px;margin: 0 2px;background-color: rgba(27,31,35,.05);font-family: Operator Mono, Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;word-break: break-all;color: #000000;background: rgba(14, 210, 247, 0.15);"><span style="font-size: 15px;">import "expvar"</span>），以下 init 函数将被自动调用。

func init() {
 http.HandleFunc("/debug/vars", expvarHandler)
 Publish("cmdline", Func(cmdline))
 Publish("memstats", Func(memstats))
}

该函数为我们注册了 /debug/vars 路径的 HTTP 服务，访问该路径将得到 Json 格式的指标。

因此，我们还需要调用 ListenAndServe 绑定端口，并开始服务 HTTP 请求。

http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)

完整代码如下

package main

import (
 _ "expvar"
 "net/http"
)

func main() {
 http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

将程序运行起来后，通过 curl 请求，得到以下结果

$ curl localhost:8080/debug/vars
{
"cmdline": ["/var/folders/xk/gn46n46d503dsztbc6_9qb2h0000gn/T/go-build1657217338/b001/exe/main"],
"memstats": {"Alloc":278880,"TotalAlloc":278880,"Sys":8735760,"Lookups":0,"Mallocs":1169,"Frees":87,"HeapAlloc":278880,"HeapSys":3866624,"HeapIdle":2949120,"HeapInuse":917504,"HeapReleased":2899968,"HeapObjects":1082,"StackInuse":327680,"StackSys":327680,"MSpanInuse":28696,"MSpanSys":32640,"MCacheInuse":9600,"MCacheSys":15600,"BuckHashSys":3875,"GCSys":3826448,"OtherSys":662893,"NextGC":4194304,"LastGC":0,"PauseTotalNs":0,"PauseNs":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"PauseEnd":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"NumGC":0,"NumForcedGC":0,"GCCPUFraction":0,"EnableGC":true,"DebugGC":false,"BySize":[{"Size":0,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8,"Mallocs":41,"Frees":0},{"Size":16,"Mallocs":496,"Frees":0},{"Size":24,"Mallocs":63,"Frees":0},{"Size":32,"Mallocs":28,"Frees":0},{"Size":48,"Mallocs":134,"Frees":0},{"Size":64,"Mallocs":50,"Frees":0},{"Size":80,"Mallocs":17,"Frees":0},{"Size":96,"Mallocs":17,"Frees":0},{"Size":112,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":128,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":144,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":160,"Mallocs":18,"Frees":0},{"Size":176,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":192,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":208,"Mallocs":37,"Frees":0},{"Size":224,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":256,"Mallocs":12,"Frees":0},{"Size":288,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":320,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":352,"Mallocs":13,"Frees":0},{"Size":384,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":416,"Mallocs":30,"Frees":0},{"Size":448,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":480,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":512,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":576,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":640,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":704,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":768,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":896,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":1024,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":1152,"Mallocs":10,"Frees":0},{"Size":1280,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":1408,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":1536,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":1792,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":2048,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":2304,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":2688,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":3072,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":3200,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":3456,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":4096,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":4864,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":5376,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":6144,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":6528,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6784,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6912,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8192,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":9472,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":9728,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10880,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":12288,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":13568,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":14336,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":16384,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":18432,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0}]}
}

可以看到，expvar 默认已提供了两项指标，分别是程序执行命令（os.Args）和运行时内存分配（runtime.Memstats）信息。

expvar 库重点内容

expvar 中最重要的是 Publish 函数和 Var 接口。

func Publish(name string, v Var) {}

Publish 函数签名中需要两个参数，name 是我们指定的指标名。例如在上文 expvar 的 init 函数下 <span style="font-size: 15px;">Publish("cmdline", Func(cmdline))</span>代码行，其中<span style="font-size: 15px;">cmdline</span>就是指标名，而<span style="font-size: 15px;">Func(cmdline)</span>import "expvar"), wird die folgende Init-Funktion automatisch aufgerufen.

// Var is an abstract type for all exported variables.
type Var interface {
 // String returns a valid JSON value for the variable.
 // Types with String methods that do not return valid JSON
 // (such as time.Time) must not be used as a Var.
 String() string
}

Diese Funktion registriert den HTTP-Dienst des Pfads /debug/vars für uns. Beim Zugriff auf diesen Pfad werden Indikatoren im Json-Format abgerufen.

🎜🎜🎜 Daher müssen wir auch ListenAndServe aufrufen, um den Port zu binden und mit der Bearbeitung von HTTP-Anfragen zu beginnen. 🎜🎜

type Int struct {
 i int64
}

type Float struct {
 f uint64
}

type Map struct {
 m      sync.Map // map[string]Var
 keysMu sync.RWMutex
 keys   []string // sorted
}

type String struct {
 s atomic.Value // string
}

type Func func() any

🎜🎜Der vollständige Code lautet wie folgt:🎜🎜

intVar = expvar.NewInt(“metricName”)
floatVar = expvar.NewFloat(“metricName”)
mapVar = expvar.NewMap(“metricName”)
stringVar = expvar.NewString(“metricName”)

🎜🎜Nach dem Ausführen des Programms werden durch Curl-Anfrage die folgenden Ergebnisse erhalten:🎜🎜

func NewInt(name string) *Int {
 v := new(Int)
 Publish(name, v)
 return v
}

🎜🎜Wie Sie sehen können, hat expvar standardmäßig zwei Indikatoren bereitgestellt: Programmausführungsbefehle (os.Args) und Informationen zur Laufzeitspeicherzuordnung (runtime.Memstats). 🎜🎜

Hauptinhalte der expvar-Bibliothek🎜

🎜🎜Die wichtigsten Dinge in expvar sind die Veröffentlichungsfunktion und Var-Schnittstelle. 🎜🎜

type MyStruct struct {
 Field1 string
 Field2 int
 Field3 float64
}

🎜🎜Die Signatur der Veröffentlichungsfunktion erfordert zwei Parameter. Name ist der von uns angegebene Indikatorname. Zum Beispiel unter der Init-Funktion von expvar oben 🎜🎜Publish("cmdline", Func(cmdline))🎜🎜Codezeile, wobei🎜🎜cmdline🎜🎜 ist der Indikatorname und 🎜🎜Func(cmdline)🎜🎜 ist expvar.Func, das das implementiert Var-Schnittstellentypvariable. 🎜🎜🎜🎜Var-Schnittstelle, die nur eine String-Methode definiert. Es ist zu beachten, dass diese Methode einen gültigen Json-String zurückgeben muss. 🎜🎜

// Var is an abstract type for all exported variables.
type Var interface {
 // String returns a valid JSON value for the variable.
 // Types with String methods that do not return valid JSON
 // (such as time.Time) must not be used as a Var.
 String() string
}

为了方便使用，expvar 库中提供了五种导出变量类型，它们均实现了 Var 接口。

type Int struct {
 i int64
}

type Float struct {
 f uint64
}

type Map struct {
 m      sync.Map // map[string]Var
 keysMu sync.RWMutex
 keys   []string // sorted
}

type String struct {
 s atomic.Value // string
}

type Func func() any

我们分别通过调用 expvar.NewXXX 函数即可完成前四种类型的变量创建与指标注册。

intVar = expvar.NewInt(“metricName”)
floatVar = expvar.NewFloat(“metricName”)
mapVar = expvar.NewMap(“metricName”)
stringVar = expvar.NewString(“metricName”)

例如 expvar.NewInt 函数，它会内部调用 Publish 方法完成指标名与 expvar.Int 类型变量的绑定。

func NewInt(name string) *Int {
 v := new(Int)
 Publish(name, v)
 return v
}

而 expvar.Func 类型，其实是为了让我们可以自定义导出类型。

例如，假如我们想要暴露以下定义的结构体

type MyStruct struct {
 Field1 string
 Field2 int
 Field3 float64
}

首先需要创建一个数据生成函数。它用于在每次调用 HTTP 服务路径时，通过该函数导出这里面的数据。

func MyStructData() interface{} {
 return MyStruct{
  Field1: "Gopher",
  Field2: 22,
  Field3: 19.99,
 }
}

最后，通过 Publish 函数注册指标名即可。

expvar.Publish("metricName", expvar.Func(MyStructData))

完整示例

下面，我们给出一个覆盖五种导出变量类型的完整示例。

package main

import (
 "expvar"
 "github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/host"
 "github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/load"
 "github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/mem"
 "net/http"
 "time"
)

type Load struct {
 Load1  float64
 Load5  float64
 Load15 float64
}

func AllLoadAvg() interface{} {
 return Load{
  Load1:  LoadAvg(1),
  Load5:  LoadAvg(5),
  Load15: LoadAvg(15),
 }
}

func LoadAvg(loadNumber int) float64 {
 avg, _ := load.Avg()
 switch loadNumber {
 case 5:
  return avg.Load5
 case 15:
  return avg.Load15
 default:
  return avg.Load1
 }
}

func main() {
 var (
  aliveOfSeconds = expvar.NewInt("aliveOfSeconds")
  hostID         = expvar.NewString("hostID")
  lastLoad       = expvar.NewFloat("lastLoad")
  virtualMemory  = expvar.NewMap("virtualMemory")
 )
 expvar.Publish("allLoadAvg", expvar.Func(AllLoadAvg))
 h, _ := host.HostID()
 hostID.Set(h)

 go http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)

 for {
  aliveOfSeconds.Add(1)
  vm, _ := mem.VirtualMemory()
  lastLoad.Set(LoadAvg(1))
  virtualMemory.Add("active", int64(vm.Active))
  virtualMemory.Add("buffer", int64(vm.Buffers))
  time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
 }
}

在上述示例中，我们通过 gopsutil 库（介绍可见还在自己写 Go 系统监控函数吗一文）获取了一些系统信息，并展示了如何通过 expvar 中的各种变量类型将这些信息进行导出。

curl 访问 localhost:8080/debug/vars 结果如下

$ curl localhost:8080/debug/vars
{
"aliveOfSeconds": 1,
"allLoadAvg": {"Load1":1.69580078125,"Load5":1.97412109375,"Load15":1.90283203125},
"cmdline": ["/var/folders/xk/gn46n46d503dsztbc6_9qb2h0000gn/T/go-build3566019824/b001/exe/main"],
"hostID": "7a1a74f2-30fc-5bc1-b439-6b7aef22e58d",
"lastLoad": 1.69580078125,
"memstats": {"Alloc":256208,"TotalAlloc":256208,"Sys":8735760,"Lookups":0,"Mallocs":1089,"Frees":48,"HeapAlloc":256208,"HeapSys":3866624,"HeapIdle":2891776,"HeapInuse":974848,"HeapReleased":2859008,"HeapObjects":1041,"StackInuse":327680,"StackSys":327680,"MSpanInuse":19992,"MSpanSys":32640,"MCacheInuse":9600,"MCacheSys":15600,"BuckHashSys":3905,"GCSys":3851120,"OtherSys":638191,"NextGC":4194304,"LastGC":0,"PauseTotalNs":0,"PauseNs":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"PauseEnd":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"NumGC":0,"NumForcedGC":0,"GCCPUFraction":0,"EnableGC":true,"DebugGC":false,"BySize":[{"Size":0,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8,"Mallocs":35,"Frees":0},{"Size":16,"Mallocs":415,"Frees":0},{"Size":24,"Mallocs":71,"Frees":0},{"Size":32,"Mallocs":37,"Frees":0},{"Size":48,"Mallocs":141,"Frees":0},{"Size":64,"Mallocs":52,"Frees":0},{"Size":80,"Mallocs":20,"Frees":0},{"Size":96,"Mallocs":23,"Frees":0},{"Size":112,"Mallocs":14,"Frees":0},{"Size":128,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":144,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":160,"Mallocs":18,"Frees":0},{"Size":176,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":192,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":208,"Mallocs":42,"Frees":0},{"Size":224,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":256,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":288,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":320,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":352,"Mallocs":13,"Frees":0},{"Size":384,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":416,"Mallocs":33,"Frees":0},{"Size":448,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":480,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":512,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":576,"Mallocs":4,"Frees":0},{"Size":640,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":704,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":768,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":896,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":1024,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":1152,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":1280,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":1408,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":1536,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":1792,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":2048,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":2304,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":2688,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":3072,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":3200,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":3456,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":4096,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":4864,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":5376,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":6144,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":6528,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6784,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6912,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8192,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":9472,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":9728,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10880,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":12288,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":13568,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":14336,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":16384,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":18432,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0}]},
"virtualMemory": {"active": 1957449728, "buffer": 0}
}

总结

标准库 expvar 为需要导出的公共变量提供了一个标准化的接口，使用比较简单。

expvar 包内部定义的几种基础类型都相应给出了并发安全的操作方法，我们不需要去重复实现一遍，能够开箱即用。

Laut der Statistik öffentlicher Projekte auf https://go.dev/ beträgt die Anzahl der Importe dieser Bibliothek jedoch weniger als 10.000.

Im Vergleich zur Anzahl der Importe in anderen Standardbibliotheken ist die Präsenz von expvar zu gering.

Das obige ist der detaillierte Inhalt vonVerwenden Sie expvar, um Metriken für die Ausführung von Go-Programmen verfügbar zu machen. Für weitere Informationen folgen Sie bitte anderen verwandten Artikeln auf der PHP chinesischen Website!