Heim >Web-Frontend >js-Tutorial >Sonnensystem mit Three.js
Hallo! Heute werde ich mit Three.js ein Solarsystem bauen. Aber bevor wir beginnen, sollten Sie wissen, dass die Inspiration für diesen Artikel von einem Kundenvertreter kam, an dessen Projekt ich gerade arbeite. Ja, das bist du – derjenige, der glaubt, dass die Erde flach ist.
JavaScript/Node verfügt über das größte Bibliotheksökosystem, das eine enorme Menge an Funktionen abdeckt, die Ihre Entwicklung vereinfachen, sodass ich immer auswählen kann, welche für Ihren Zweck besser ist. Wenn wir jedoch über 3D-Grafiken sprechen, gibt es nicht so viele coole Optionen und three.js ist wahrscheinlich das beste von allen und hat die größte Community.
Also lasst uns in Three.js eintauchen und damit das Sonnensystem aufbauen. In diesem Artikel werde ich Folgendes behandeln:
Das Wichtigste zuerst: Um das Projekt zu initialisieren, verwende ich Vite und installiere die Three.js-Abhängigkeit. Nun stellt sich die Frage, wie man Three.js einrichtet. Dazu benötigen Sie drei Dinge: eine Szene, eine Kamera und einen Renderer. Ich verwende auch das integrierte Add-on OrbitControls, mit dem ich innerhalb der Szene navigieren kann. Nach dem Start der App sollte ein schwarzer Bildschirm erscheinen.
import { Scene, WebGLRenderer, PerspectiveCamera } from "three"; import { OrbitControls } from "three/addons/controls/OrbitControls.js"; const w = window.innerWidth; const h = window.innerHeight; const scene = new Scene(); const camera = new PerspectiveCamera(75, w / h, 0.1, 100); const renderer = new WebGLRenderer(); const controls = new OrbitControls(camera, renderer.domElement); controls.minDistance = 10; controls.maxDistance = 60; camera.position.set(30 * Math.cos(Math.PI / 6), 30 * Math.sin(Math.PI / 6), 40); renderer.setSize(w, h); document.body.appendChild(renderer.domElement); renderer.render(scene, camera); window.addEventListener("resize", () => { const w = window.innerWidth; const h = window.innerHeight; renderer.setSize(w, h); camera.aspect = w / h; camera.updateProjectionMatrix(); }); const animate = () => { requestAnimationFrame(animate); controls.update(); renderer.render(scene, camera); }; animate();
Möglicherweise fällt Ihnen auf, dass ich den Zoom über Steuerelemente einschränke und auch den Standardwinkel der Kamera ändere. Dies wird hilfreich sein, um die Szene in den nächsten Schritten richtig anzuzeigen.
Jetzt ist es an der Zeit, ein einfaches Sternenfeld hinzuzufügen, da unser Sonnensystem von Sternen umgeben sein sollte. Um die Erklärung zu vereinfachen, stellen Sie sich vor, Sie hätten eine Kugel und wählen 1.000 zufällige Punkte auf dieser Kugel aus. Anschließend erstellen Sie Sterne aus diesen Punkten, indem Sie ihnen eine Sterntextur zuordnen. Zum Schluss füge ich eine Animation hinzu, um alle diese Punkte um die Y-Achse drehen zu lassen. Damit kann das Sternenfeld zur Szene hinzugefügt werden.
import { Group, Color, Points, Vector3, TextureLoader, PointsMaterial, BufferGeometry, AdditiveBlending, Float32BufferAttribute, } from "three"; export class Starfield { group; loader; animate; constructor({ numStars = 1000 } = {}) { this.numStars = numStars; this.group = new Group(); this.loader = new TextureLoader(); this.createStarfield(); this.animate = this.createAnimateFunction(); this.animate(); } createStarfield() { let col; const verts = []; const colors = []; const positions = []; for (let i = 0; i < this.numStars; i += 1) { let p = this.getRandomSpherePoint(); const { pos, hue } = p; positions.push(p); col = new Color().setHSL(hue, 0.2, Math.random()); verts.push(pos.x, pos.y, pos.z); colors.push(col.r, col.g, col.b); } const geo = new BufferGeometry(); geo.setAttribute("position", new Float32BufferAttribute(verts, 3)); geo.setAttribute("color", new Float32BufferAttribute(colors, 3)); const mat = new PointsMaterial({ size: 0.2, alphaTest: 0.5, transparent: true, vertexColors: true, blending: AdditiveBlending, map: this.loader.load("/solar-system-threejs/assets/circle.png"), }); const points = new Points(geo, mat); this.group.add(points); } getRandomSpherePoint() { const radius = Math.random() * 25 + 25; const u = Math.random(); const v = Math.random(); const theta = 2 * Math.PI * u; const phi = Math.acos(2 * v - 1); let x = radius * Math.sin(phi) * Math.cos(theta); let y = radius * Math.sin(phi) * Math.sin(theta); let z = radius * Math.cos(phi); return { pos: new Vector3(x, y, z), hue: 0.6, minDist: radius, }; } createAnimateFunction() { return () => { requestAnimationFrame(this.animate); this.group.rotation.y += 0.00005; }; } getStarfield() { return this.group; } }
Das Hinzufügen des Sternenfeldes ist einfach, indem Sie einfach die Add-Methode in der Szenenklasse verwenden
const starfield = new Starfield().getStarfield(); scene.add(starfield);
Was die Texturen betrifft, finden Sie alle in diesem Projekt verwendeten Texturen im Repository, das am Ende des Artikels verlinkt ist. Die meisten Texturen stammen von dieser Website, mit Ausnahme der Texturen der Stern- und Planetenringe.
Für die Sonne habe ich die Ikosaeder-Geometrie verwendet und eine Textur darauf abgebildet. Mithilfe von Improved Noise habe ich einen Effekt erzielt, bei dem die Sonne pulsiert und so die Art und Weise simuliert, wie ein echter Stern Energieströme in den Weltraum aussendet. Die Sonne ist nicht nur eine Figur mit einer kartierten Textur; Es muss auch eine Lichtquelle in der Szene sein, daher verwende ich PointLight, um dies zu simulieren.
import { Mesh, Group, Color, Vector3, BackSide, PointLight, TextureLoader, ShaderMaterial, AdditiveBlending, DynamicDrawUsage, MeshBasicMaterial, IcosahedronGeometry, } from "three"; import { ImprovedNoise } from "three/addons/math/ImprovedNoise.js"; export class Sun { group; loader; animate; corona; sunRim; glow; constructor() { this.sunTexture = "/solar-system-threejs/assets/sun-map.jpg"; this.group = new Group(); this.loader = new TextureLoader(); this.createCorona(); this.createRim(); this.addLighting(); this.createGlow(); this.createSun(); this.animate = this.createAnimateFunction(); this.animate(); } createSun() { const map = this.loader.load(this.sunTexture); const sunGeometry = new IcosahedronGeometry(5, 12); const sunMaterial = new MeshBasicMaterial({ map, emissive: new Color(0xffff99), emissiveIntensity: 1.5, }); const sunMesh = new Mesh(sunGeometry, sunMaterial); this.group.add(sunMesh); this.group.add(this.sunRim); this.group.add(this.corona); this.group.add(this.glow); this.group.userData.update = (t) => { this.group.rotation.y = -t / 5; this.corona.userData.update(t); }; } createCorona() { const coronaGeometry = new IcosahedronGeometry(4.9, 12); const coronaMaterial = new MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0xff0000, side: BackSide, }); const coronaMesh = new Mesh(coronaGeometry, coronaMaterial); const coronaNoise = new ImprovedNoise(); let v3 = new Vector3(); let p = new Vector3(); let pos = coronaGeometry.attributes.position; pos.usage = DynamicDrawUsage; const len = pos.count; const update = (t) => { for (let i = 0; i < len; i += 1) { p.fromBufferAttribute(pos, i).normalize(); v3.copy(p).multiplyScalar(5); let ns = coronaNoise.noise( v3.x + Math.cos(t), v3.y + Math.sin(t), v3.z + t ); v3.copy(p) .setLength(5) .addScaledVector(p, ns * 0.4); pos.setXYZ(i, v3.x, v3.y, v3.z); } pos.needsUpdate = true; }; coronaMesh.userData.update = update; this.corona = coronaMesh; } createGlow() { const uniforms = { color1: { value: new Color(0x000000) }, color2: { value: new Color(0xff0000) }, fresnelBias: { value: 0.2 }, fresnelScale: { value: 1.5 }, fresnelPower: { value: 4.0 }, }; const vertexShader = ` uniform float fresnelBias; uniform float fresnelScale; uniform float fresnelPower; varying float vReflectionFactor; void main() { vec4 mvPosition = modelViewMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 ); vec4 worldPosition = modelMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 ); vec3 worldNormal = normalize( mat3( modelMatrix[0].xyz, modelMatrix[1].xyz, modelMatrix[2].xyz ) * normal ); vec3 I = worldPosition.xyz - cameraPosition; vReflectionFactor = fresnelBias + fresnelScale * pow( 1.0 + dot( normalize( I ), worldNormal ), fresnelPower ); gl_Position = projectionMatrix * mvPosition; } `; const fragmentShader = ` uniform vec3 color1; uniform vec3 color2; varying float vReflectionFactor; void main() { float f = clamp( vReflectionFactor, 0.0, 1.0 ); gl_FragColor = vec4(mix(color2, color1, vec3(f)), f); } `; const sunGlowMaterial = new ShaderMaterial({ uniforms, vertexShader, fragmentShader, transparent: true, blending: AdditiveBlending, }); const sunGlowGeometry = new IcosahedronGeometry(5, 12); const sunGlowMesh = new Mesh(sunGlowGeometry, sunGlowMaterial); sunGlowMesh.scale.setScalar(1.1); this.glow = sunGlowMesh; } createRim() { const uniforms = { color1: { value: new Color(0xffff99) }, color2: { value: new Color(0x000000) }, fresnelBias: { value: 0.2 }, fresnelScale: { value: 1.5 }, fresnelPower: { value: 4.0 }, }; const vertexShader = ` uniform float fresnelBias; uniform float fresnelScale; uniform float fresnelPower; varying float vReflectionFactor; void main() { vec4 mvPosition = modelViewMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 ); vec4 worldPosition = modelMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 ); vec3 worldNormal = normalize( mat3( modelMatrix[0].xyz, modelMatrix[1].xyz, modelMatrix[2].xyz ) * normal ); vec3 I = worldPosition.xyz - cameraPosition; vReflectionFactor = fresnelBias + fresnelScale * pow( 1.0 + dot( normalize( I ), worldNormal ), fresnelPower ); gl_Position = projectionMatrix * mvPosition; } `; const fragmentShader = ` uniform vec3 color1; uniform vec3 color2; varying float vReflectionFactor; void main() { float f = clamp( vReflectionFactor, 0.0, 1.0 ); gl_FragColor = vec4(mix(color2, color1, vec3(f)), f); } `; const sunRimMaterial = new ShaderMaterial({ uniforms, vertexShader, fragmentShader, transparent: true, blending: AdditiveBlending, }); const sunRimGeometry = new IcosahedronGeometry(5, 12); const sunRimMesh = new Mesh(sunRimGeometry, sunRimMaterial); sunRimMesh.scale.setScalar(1.01); this.sunRim = sunRimMesh; } addLighting() { const sunLight = new PointLight(0xffff99, 1000); sunLight.position.set(0, 0, 0); this.group.add(sunLight); } createAnimateFunction() { return (t = 0) => { const time = t * 0.00051; requestAnimationFrame(this.animate); this.group.userData.update(time); }; } getSun() { return this.group; } }
Alle Planeten basieren auf einer ähnlichen Logik: Jeder Planet benötigt eine Umlaufbahn, eine Textur, eine Umlaufgeschwindigkeit und eine Rotationsgeschwindigkeit. Für Planeten, die sie benötigen, sollten auch Ringe hinzugefügt werden.
import { Mesh, Color, Group, DoubleSide, RingGeometry, TorusGeometry, TextureLoader, ShaderMaterial, SRGBColorSpace, AdditiveBlending, MeshPhongMaterial, MeshBasicMaterial, IcosahedronGeometry, } from "three"; export class Planet { group; loader; animate; planetGroup; planetGeometry; constructor({ orbitSpeed = 1, orbitRadius = 1, orbitRotationDirection = "clockwise", planetSize = 1, planetAngle = 0, planetRotationSpeed = 1, planetRotationDirection = "clockwise", planetTexture = "/solar-system-threejs/assets/mercury-map.jpg", rimHex = 0x0088ff, facingHex = 0x000000, rings = null, } = {}) { this.orbitSpeed = orbitSpeed; this.orbitRadius = orbitRadius; this.orbitRotationDirection = orbitRotationDirection; this.planetSize = planetSize; this.planetAngle = planetAngle; this.planetTexture = planetTexture; this.planetRotationSpeed = planetRotationSpeed; this.planetRotationDirection = planetRotationDirection; this.rings = rings; this.group = new Group(); this.planetGroup = new Group(); this.loader = new TextureLoader(); this.planetGeometry = new IcosahedronGeometry(this.planetSize, 12); this.createOrbit(); this.createRings(); this.createPlanet(); this.createGlow(rimHex, facingHex); this.animate = this.createAnimateFunction(); this.animate(); } createOrbit() { const orbitGeometry = new TorusGeometry(this.orbitRadius, 0.01, 100); const orbitMaterial = new MeshBasicMaterial({ color: 0xadd8e6, side: DoubleSide, }); const orbitMesh = new Mesh(orbitGeometry, orbitMaterial); orbitMesh.rotation.x = Math.PI / 2; this.group.add(orbitMesh); } createPlanet() { const map = this.loader.load(this.planetTexture); const planetMaterial = new MeshPhongMaterial({ map }); planetMaterial.map.colorSpace = SRGBColorSpace; const planetMesh = new Mesh(this.planetGeometry, planetMaterial); this.planetGroup.add(planetMesh); this.planetGroup.position.x = this.orbitRadius - this.planetSize / 9; this.planetGroup.rotation.z = this.planetAngle; this.group.add(this.planetGroup); } createGlow(rimHex, facingHex) { const uniforms = { color1: { value: new Color(rimHex) }, color2: { value: new Color(facingHex) }, fresnelBias: { value: 0.2 }, fresnelScale: { value: 1.5 }, fresnelPower: { value: 4.0 }, }; const vertexShader = ` uniform float fresnelBias; uniform float fresnelScale; uniform float fresnelPower; varying float vReflectionFactor; void main() { vec4 mvPosition = modelViewMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 ); vec4 worldPosition = modelMatrix * vec4( position, 1.0 ); vec3 worldNormal = normalize( mat3( modelMatrix[0].xyz, modelMatrix[1].xyz, modelMatrix[2].xyz ) * normal ); vec3 I = worldPosition.xyz - cameraPosition; vReflectionFactor = fresnelBias + fresnelScale * pow( 1.0 + dot( normalize( I ), worldNormal ), fresnelPower ); gl_Position = projectionMatrix * mvPosition; } `; const fragmentShader = ` uniform vec3 color1; uniform vec3 color2; varying float vReflectionFactor; void main() { float f = clamp( vReflectionFactor, 0.0, 1.0 ); gl_FragColor = vec4(mix(color2, color1, vec3(f)), f); } `; const planetGlowMaterial = new ShaderMaterial({ uniforms, vertexShader, fragmentShader, transparent: true, blending: AdditiveBlending, }); const planetGlowMesh = new Mesh(this.planetGeometry, planetGlowMaterial); planetGlowMesh.scale.setScalar(1.1); this.planetGroup.add(planetGlowMesh); } createRings() { if (!this.rings) return; const innerRadius = this.planetSize + 0.1; const outerRadius = innerRadius + this.rings.ringsSize; const ringsGeometry = new RingGeometry(innerRadius, outerRadius, 32); const ringsMaterial = new MeshBasicMaterial({ side: DoubleSide, transparent: true, map: this.loader.load(this.rings.ringsTexture), }); const ringMeshs = new Mesh(ringsGeometry, ringsMaterial); ringMeshs.rotation.x = Math.PI / 2; this.planetGroup.add(ringMeshs); } createAnimateFunction() { return () => { requestAnimationFrame(this.animate); this.updateOrbitRotation(); this.updatePlanetRotation(); }; } updateOrbitRotation() { if (this.orbitRotationDirection === "clockwise") { this.group.rotation.y -= this.orbitSpeed; } else if (this.orbitRotationDirection === "counterclockwise") { this.group.rotation.y += this.orbitSpeed; } } updatePlanetRotation() { if (this.planetRotationDirection === "clockwise") { this.planetGroup.rotation.y -= this.planetRotationSpeed; } else if (this.planetRotationDirection === "counterclockwise") { this.planetGroup.rotation.y += this.planetRotationSpeed; } } getPlanet() { return this.group; } }
Für die Erde erweitere ich die Planet-Klasse, um zusätzliche Texturen hinzuzufügen, wie zum Beispiel Wolken und eine Nachttextur für die Nachtseite des Planeten.
import { Mesh, AdditiveBlending, MeshBasicMaterial, MeshStandardMaterial, } from "three"; import { Planet } from "./planet"; export class Earth extends Planet { constructor(props) { super(props); this.createPlanetLights(); this.createPlanetClouds(); } createPlanetLights() { const planetLightsMaterial = new MeshBasicMaterial({ map: this.loader.load("/solar-system-threejs/assets/earth-map-2.jpg"), blending: AdditiveBlending, }); const planetLightsMesh = new Mesh( this.planetGeometry, planetLightsMaterial ); this.planetGroup.add(planetLightsMesh); this.group.add(this.planetGroup); } createPlanetClouds() { const planetCloudsMaterial = new MeshStandardMaterial({ map: this.loader.load("/solar-system-threejs/assets/earth-map-3.jpg"), transparent: true, opacity: 0.8, blending: AdditiveBlending, alphaMap: this.loader.load( "/solar-system-threejs/assets/earth-map-4.jpg" ), }); const planetCloudsMesh = new Mesh( this.planetGeometry, planetCloudsMaterial ); planetCloudsMesh.scale.setScalar(1.003); this.planetGroup.add(planetCloudsMesh); this.group.add(this.planetGroup); } }
Wenn Sie etwa fünf Minuten lang auf Google suchen, werden Sie auf eine Tabelle mit allen notwendigen Werten stoßen, um der Szene Planeten hinzuzufügen.
Planet | Size (diameter) | Rotation speed | Rotation direction | Orbit speed |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mercury | 4,880 km | 10.83 km/h | Counterclockwise | 47.87 km/s |
Venus | 12,104 km | 6.52 km/h | Clockwise | 35.02 km/s |
Earth | 12,742 km | 1674.4 km/h | Counterclockwise | 29.78 km/s |
Mars | 6,779 km | 866.5 km/h | Counterclockwise | 24.07 km/s |
Jupiter | 142,984 km | 45,300 km/h | Counterclockwise | 13.07 km/s |
Saturn | 120,536 km | 35,500 km/h | Counterclockwise | 9.69 km/s |
Uranus | 51,118 km | 9,320 km/h | Clockwise | 6.81 km/s |
Neptune | 49,528 km | 9,720 km/h | Counterclockwise | 5.43 km/s |
Now, all the planets and the sun can be added to the scene.
const planets = [ { orbitSpeed: 0.00048, orbitRadius: 10, orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise", planetSize: 0.2, planetRotationSpeed: 0.005, planetRotationDirection: "counterclockwise", planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/mercury-map.jpg", rimHex: 0xf9cf9f, }, { orbitSpeed: 0.00035, orbitRadius: 13, orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise", planetSize: 0.5, planetRotationSpeed: 0.0005, planetRotationDirection: "clockwise", planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/venus-map.jpg", rimHex: 0xb66f1f, }, { orbitSpeed: 0.00024, orbitRadius: 19, orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise", planetSize: 0.3, planetRotationSpeed: 0.01, planetRotationDirection: "counterclockwise", planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/mars-map.jpg", rimHex: 0xbc6434, }, { orbitSpeed: 0.00013, orbitRadius: 22, orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise", planetSize: 1, planetRotationSpeed: 0.06, planetRotationDirection: "counterclockwise", planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/jupiter-map.jpg", rimHex: 0xf3d6b6, }, { orbitSpeed: 0.0001, orbitRadius: 25, orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise", planetSize: 0.8, planetRotationSpeed: 0.05, planetRotationDirection: "counterclockwise", planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/saturn-map.jpg", rimHex: 0xd6b892, rings: { ringsSize: 0.5, ringsTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/saturn-rings.jpg", }, }, { orbitSpeed: 0.00007, orbitRadius: 28, orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise", planetSize: 0.5, planetRotationSpeed: 0.02, planetRotationDirection: "clockwise", planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/uranus-map.jpg", rimHex: 0x9ab6c2, rings: { ringsSize: 0.4, ringsTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/uranus-rings.jpg", }, }, { orbitSpeed: 0.000054, orbitRadius: 31, orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise", planetSize: 0.5, planetRotationSpeed: 0.02, planetRotationDirection: "counterclockwise", planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/neptune-map.jpg", rimHex: 0x5c7ed7, }, ]; planets.forEach((item) => { const planet = new Planet(item).getPlanet(); scene.add(planet); }); const earth = new Earth({ orbitSpeed: 0.00029, orbitRadius: 16, orbitRotationDirection: "clockwise", planetSize: 0.5, planetAngle: (-23.4 * Math.PI) / 180, planetRotationSpeed: 0.01, planetRotationDirection: "counterclockwise", planetTexture: "/solar-system-threejs/assets/earth-map-1.jpg", }).getPlanet(); scene.add(earth);
In result all solar system will look sth like:
For deploying to set the correct base in vite.config.js.
If you are deploying to https://
If you are deploying to https://
Go to your GitHub Pages configuration in the repository settings page and choose the source of deployment as "GitHub Actions", this will lead you to create a workflow that builds and deploys your project, a sample workflow that installs dependencies and builds using npm is provided:
# Simple workflow for deploying static content to GitHub Pages name: Deploy static content to Pages on: # Runs on pushes targeting the default branch push: branches: ['main'] # Allows you to run this workflow manually from the Actions tab workflow_dispatch: # Sets the GITHUB_TOKEN permissions to allow deployment to GitHub Pages permissions: contents: read pages: write id-token: write # Allow one concurrent deployment concurrency: group: 'pages' cancel-in-progress: true jobs: # Single deploy job since we're just deploying deploy: environment: name: github-pages url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }} runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - name: Checkout uses: actions/checkout@v4 - name: Set up Node uses: actions/setup-node@v4 with: node-version: 20 cache: 'npm' - name: Install dependencies run: npm ci - name: Build run: npm run build - name: Setup Pages uses: actions/configure-pages@v4 - name: Upload artifact uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v3 with: # Upload dist folder path: './dist' - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages id: deployment uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4
That is it. If your deployment has not started automatically you can always start it manually in Actions tab in your repo. Link with deployed project can be found below.
That’s it for today! You can find the link to the entire project below. I hope you found this entertaining and don’t still believe the Earth is flat.
See ya!
Repository link
Deployment link
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